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@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.
 
 = About =
 
-'''Ensuring utmost transparency — Free Software and Open Standards under the Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament''' has been produced at the request of the [http://greens-efa.eu/ Greens/EFA Group in the European Parliament] by Carlo Piana&lt;ref name="Carlo Piana">'''Carlo Piana''' is an Italian qualified attorney based in Milano, founder of [http://array.eu Array] and specializing in Information Technology Law. He also serves in the Editorial Committee of the Free and Open Source Software Law Review [http://www.ifosslr.org Ifosslr] {{cite web|title=Carlo Piana|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Piana|accessdate=14 October 2014}}&lt;/ref> and Ulf Öberg&lt;ref name="Ulf Öberg">'''Ulf Öberg''' is Founder and Managing Partner of the law firm Öberg &amp; Associés. He is specialised in EU and Competition law and has extensive trial experience before the EU Courts, Swedish courts and European Court of Human Rights. {{cite web|title=Ulf Öberg|url=http://www.obergassocies.eu/en/about-us/ulf-oberg|accessdate=14 October 2014}}&lt;/ref> under the supervision&lt;ref>From {{cite web|title=Greens/EFA commissions "Rule 103" study|url=http://icg.greens-efa.eu/pipermail/hub/2014-May/000130.html|accessdate=12 October 2014|ref=Greens/EFA Internet Core Group pubilc mailing list}}&lt;/ref> of Professor Douwe Korff&lt;ref name="Douwe Korff">'''Professor Douwe Korff''' is an Associate of the [http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/people/578 Oxford Martin School] of the University of Oxford and a member of the cybersecurity working group of its Global Cybersecurity Capacity Centre; a [http://isp.yale.edu/douwe-korff Visiting Fellow] at Yale University (in its Information Society Project); and a [https://cihr.eu/people/ Fellow] of the Centre for Internet &amp; Human Rights of the European University Viadrina in Berlin.&lt;/ref>.
+'''Ensuring utmost transparency — Free Software and Open Standards under the Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament''' has been produced at the request of the [http://greens-efa.eu/ Greens/EFA Group in the European Parliament] by Carlo Piana&lt;ref name="Carlo Piana">'''Carlo Piana''' is an Italian qualified attorney based in Milano, founder of [http://array.eu Array] and specializing in Information Technology Law. He also serves in the Editorial Committee of the Free and Open Source Software Law Review [http://www.ifosslr.org Ifosslr] {{cite web|title=Carlo Piana|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Piana|accessdate=14 October 2014}}&lt;/ref> and Ulf Öberg&lt;ref name="Ulf Öberg">'''Ulf Öberg''' is Founder and Managing Partner of the law firm Öberg &amp; Associés. He is specialised in EU and Competition law and has extensive trial experience before the EU Courts, Swedish courts and European Court of Human Rights. {{cite web|title=Ulf Öberg|url=http://www.obergassocies.eu/en/about-us/ulf-oberg|accessdate=14 October 2014}}&lt;/ref> under the supervision&lt;ref>From {{cite web|title=Greens/EFA commissions "Rule 103" study|url=http://icg.greens-efa.eu/pipermail/hub/2014-May/000130.html|accessdate=12 October 2014|ref=Greens/EFA Internet Core Group public mailing list}}&lt;/ref> of Professor Douwe Korff&lt;ref name="Douwe Korff">'''Professor Douwe Korff''' is an Associate of the [http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/people/578 Oxford Martin School] of the University of Oxford and a member of the cybersecurity working group of its Global Cybersecurity Capacity Centre; a [http://isp.yale.edu/douwe-korff Visiting Fellow] at Yale University (in its Information Society Project); and a [https://cihr.eu/people/ Fellow] of the Centre for Internet &amp; Human Rights of the European University Viadrina in Berlin.&lt;/ref>.
 
 The study has been open for public review from [http://en.euwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Ensuring_utmost_transparency_--_Free_Software_and_Open_Standards_under_the_Rules_of_Procedure_of_the_European_Parliament&amp;diff=17300&amp;oldid=16920 October 15 till November 15 2014]. Online support during the review period has been provided by [[Jonatan Walck]].
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ Crucially, the authors have managed to draw on all these sources to indicate cle
 
 = Scope and method of analysis=
 
-This study arises from a proposal by the Greens/EFA, backed by two Plenary decisions, that the European Parliament investigates its own transparency obligations under its Rules of Procedure with regard to Free Software and Open Standards. &lt;ref>"The Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament has commissioned a study into the implications of Rule 103 of the European Parliament's Rules of Procedure for the Parliament's decisions, policies, procedures, etc., with regard to Free Software and Open Standards [...] The study will assess whether, and if so how and to what extent, Rule 103 can inform the EP's ICT decisions, policies, procedures, etc. (including procurement decisions) with regard to Free Software and Open Standards." From {{cite web|title=Greens/EFA commissions "Rule 103" study|url=http://icg.greens-efa.eu/pipermail/hub/2014-May/000130.html|accessdate=12 October 2014|ref=Greens/EFA Internet Core Group pubilc mailing list}}&lt;/ref>
+This study arises from a proposal by the Greens/EFA, backed by two Plenary decisions, that the European Parliament investigates its own transparency obligations under its Rules of Procedure with regard to Free Software and Open Standards. &lt;ref>"The Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament has commissioned a study into the implications of Rule 103 of the European Parliament's Rules of Procedure for the Parliament's decisions, policies, procedures, etc., with regard to Free Software and Open Standards [...] The study will assess whether, and if so how and to what extent, Rule 103 can inform the EP's ICT decisions, policies, procedures, etc. (including procurement decisions) with regard to Free Software and Open Standards." From {{cite web|title=Greens/EFA commissions "Rule 103" study|url=http://icg.greens-efa.eu/pipermail/hub/2014-May/000130.html|accessdate=12 October 2014|ref=Greens/EFA Internet Core Group public mailing list}}&lt;/ref>
 
 The scope is therefore to verify whether, in general or in single areas, the principle of openness and the right of access to information mandates, and if so to what extent, the use of Free Software and Open Standards, or what kind of preference towards it, if any.
 
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ The European Parliament has been a champion in promoting not only openness of th
 
 In its judgment, the Court stressed that the domestic legislation of most Member States enshrines, in a general manner, the public’s right of access to documents held by public authorities as a constitutional or legislative principle. The Court found that this trend "discloses a progressive affirmation of individuals’ right of access to documents held by public authorities" and that accordingly, the Council deemed it necessary to amend the rules governing its internal organisation, which had hitherto been based on the principle of confidentiality. The Court added that, "so long as the Community legislature has not adopted general rules on the right of public access to documents held by the Community institutions, the institutions must take measures as to the processing of such requests by virtue of their power of internal organisation, which authorises them to take appropriate measures in order to ensure their internal operation in conformity with the interests of good administration".
 
-While dated, this analysis is still interesting for at least three reasons. First, the legal doctrine is divided as to whether or not it is possible to interpret the Netherlands v Council judgment as authority for the existence of a fundamental right of access to documents.&lt;ref>See in that regard, for example, Chiti, E., ‘Further Developments of Access to Community Information: Kingdom of the Netherlands v. Council of the European Union’, European Public Law, Vol. 2, No 4, 1996, p. 536 et seq.; Lafay, F., ‘L'accès aux documents du Conseil de l'Union: contribution à une problématique de la transparence en droit communautaire’, RTD eur. 33(1), January-March 1997, p. 37 et seq.; Bradley, K. St. C., ‘La transparence de l'Union européenne: une évidence ou un trompe-l'oeil?’, Cahier de droit européen, 3-4, 1999, p. 283 et seq.; Travers, N., ‘Access to Documents in Community law: on the road to a European participatory democracy’, The Irish Jurist, Vol. 35, 2000, p. 164 et seq. For a different interpretation, see, for example, Ragnemalm, H., ‘Démocratie et transparence: sur le droit général d'accès des citoyens de l'Union européenne aux documents détenus par les institutions communautaires’, Scritti in onore di G. F. Mancini, p. 809 et seq., Öberg, U., EU Citizen’s Right to Know: The Improbable Adoption of a European Freedom of Information Act, Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, Vol. 2, 1999, s. 303-328&lt;/ref> Second, when interpreting Rule 115, the relevant legal question is whether or not internal rules of the institutions may confer a substantive legal right to access to documents, to information, and/or to data on EU citizens. Third, the Court clearly links the issue of public access to documents to the nascent principle of good administration.
+While dated, this analysis is still interesting for at least three reasons. First, the legal doctrine is divided as to whether or not it is possible to interpret the Netherlands v Council judgment as authority for the existence of a fundamental right of access to documents.&lt;ref>See in that regard, for example, Chiti, E., "Further Developments of Access to Community Information: Kingdom of the Netherlands v. Council of the European Union", European Public Law, Vol. 2, No 4, 1996, p. 536 et seq.; Lafay, F., "L'accès aux documents du Conseil de l'Union: contribution à une problématique de la transparence en droit communautaire", RTD eur. 33(1), January-March 1997, p. 37 et seq.; Bradley, K. St. C., "La transparence de l'Union européenne: une évidence ou un trompe-l'oeil?", Cahier de droit européen, 3-4, 1999, p. 283 et seq.; Travers, N., "Access to Documents in Community law: on the road to a European participatory democracy", The Irish Jurist, Vol. 35, 2000, p. 164 et seq. For a different interpretation, see, for example, Ragnemalm, H., "Démocratie et transparence: sur le droit général d'accès des citoyens de l'Union européenne aux documents détenus par les institutions communautaires", Scritti in onore di G. F. Mancini, p. 809 et seq., Öberg, U., EU Citizen’s Right to Know: The Improbable Adoption of a European Freedom of Information Act, Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, Vol. 2, 1999, s. 303-328&lt;/ref> Second, when interpreting Rule 115, the relevant legal question is whether or not internal rules of the institutions may confer a substantive legal right to access to documents, to information, and/or to data on EU citizens. Third, the Court clearly links the issue of public access to documents to the nascent principle of good administration.
 
 According to the case law of the Court, the purpose of the Community institutions’ internal Rules of Procedure is to organise the internal functioning of its services in the interests of good administration. The essential purpose of such rules, particularly those with regard to the organisation of deliberations and the adoption of decisions, is to ensure the smooth conduct of the decision-making procedure. It follows that natural or legal persons may normally not rely on an alleged breach of such rules, as they are not intended to ensure protection for individuals.
 
@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ We find that '''lock-in''' and '''vendor dependence''' are difficult to reconcil
 
 This view is '''fully in line''' with new EU rules on '''public procurement''' that allow for the taking into account of environmental and social considerations and innovation in the awarding of public contracts. In our view, promoting Free Software and Open Standards through proportionate and calibrated specifications also serves the general economic interest of the EU, in the true sense of the term.
 
-Finally, we have shown that other public public bodies in certain Member States provide '''measurable benchmarks''' for the adoption of Free Software and Open Standards. We believe that the European Parliament should '''follow''' those leads, and '''exceed''' them.
+Finally, we have shown that other public bodies in certain Member States provide '''measurable benchmarks''' for the adoption of Free Software and Open Standards. We believe that the European Parliament should '''follow''' those leads, and '''exceed''' them.
 
 We conclude that the Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament should whenever possible make '''Free Software''' and '''Open Standards''' mandatory for all systems and data used for the work of Parliament. In our view, that is the most appropriate way for Parliament to meet its own standard of "utmost transparency".
 
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