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24.3.2009

Official Journal of the European Union

EN

L 78/1

I
(Acts adopted under the EC Treaty/Euratom Treaty whose publication is obligatory)

REGULATIONS

COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 207/2009
of 26 February 2009
on the Community trade mark
(codified version)
(Text with EEA relevance)
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Community arrangements for trade marks whereby undertakings can by means of one procedural system obtain
Community trade marks to which uniform protection is
given and which produce their effects throughout the entire
area of the Community. The principle of the unitary
character of the Community trade mark thus stated should
apply unless otherwise provided for in this Regulation.

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 308 thereof,
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,
Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament (1),
Whereas:
(1)

It is desirable to promote throughout the Community a
harmonious development of economic activities and a
continuous and balanced expansion by completing an
internal market which functions properly and offers
conditions which are similar to those obtaining in a
national market. In order to create a market of this kind and
make it increasingly a single market, not only must barriers
to free movement of goods and services be removed and
arrangements be instituted which ensure that competition
is not distorted, but, in addition, legal conditions must be
created which enable undertakings to adapt their activities
to the scale of the Community, whether in manufacturing
and distributing goods or in providing services. For those
purposes, trade marks enabling the products and services of
undertakings to be distinguished by identical means
throughout the entire Community, regardless of frontiers,
should feature amongst the legal instruments which
undertakings have at their disposal.

The barrier of territoriality of the rights conferred on
proprietors of trade marks by the laws of the Member
States cannot be removed by approximation of laws. In
order to open up unrestricted economic activity in the
whole of the internal market for the benefit of undertakings, trade marks should be created which are governed
by a uniform Community law directly applicable in all
Member States.

(5)

Since the Treaty has not provided the specific powers to
establish such a legal instrument, Article 308 of the Treaty
should be applied.

(6)

The Community law relating to trade marks nevertheless
does not replace the laws of the Member States on trade
marks. It would not in fact appear to be justified to require
undertakings to apply for registration of their trade marks
as Community trade marks. National trade marks continue
to be necessary for those undertakings which do not want
protection of their trade marks at Community level.

(7)

The rights in a Community trade mark should not be
obtained otherwise than by registration, and registration
should be refused in particular if the trade mark is not
distinctive, if it is unlawful or if it conflicts with earlier
rights.

Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993
on the Community trade mark (2) has been substantially
amended several times (3). In the interests of clarity and
rationality the said Regulation should be codified.

(2)

(4)

(3)

For the purpose of pursuing the Community's said
objectives it would appear necessary to provide for

(1) OJ C 146 E, 12.6.2008, p. 79.
(2) OJ L 11, 14.1.1994, p. 1.
(3) See Annex I.

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(8)

(9)

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Official Journal of the European Union

The protection afforded by a Community trade mark, the
function of which is in particular to guarantee the trade
mark as an indication of origin, should be absolute in the
case of identity between the mark and the sign and the
goods or services. The protection should apply also in cases
of similarity between the mark and the sign and the goods
or services. An interpretation should be given of the
concept of similarity in relation to the likelihood of
confusion. The likelihood of confusion, the appreciation of
which depends on numerous elements and, in particular, on
the recognition of the trade mark on the market, the
association which can be made with the used or registered
sign, the degree of similarity between the trade mark and
the sign and between the goods or services identified,
should constitute the specific condition for such protection.
It follows from the principle of free movement of goods
that the proprietor of a Community trade mark must not be
entitled to prohibit its use by a third party in relation to
goods which have been put into circulation in the
Community, under the trade mark, by him or with his
consent, save where there exist legitimate reasons for the
proprietor to oppose further commercialisation of the
goods.

(10) There is no justification for protecting Community trade

marks or, as against them, any trade mark which has been
registered before them, except where the trade marks are
actually used.
(11) A Community trade mark is to be regarded as an object of

property which exists separately from the undertakings
whose goods or services are designated by it. Accordingly, it
should be capable of being transferred, subject to the
overriding need to prevent the public being misled as a
result of the transfer. It should also be capable of being
charged as security in favour of a third party and of being
the subject matter of licences.
(12) Administrative measures are necessary at Community level

for implementing in relation to every trade mark the trade
mark law created by this Regulation. It is therefore essential,
while retaining the Community's existing institutional
structure and balance of powers, to provide for an Office
for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (trade marks and
designs) which is independent in relation to technical
matters and has legal, administrative and financial
autonomy. To this end it is necessary and appropriate that
that Office should be a body of the Community having legal
personality and exercising the implementing powers which
are conferred on it by this Regulation, and that it should
operate within the framework of Community law without
detracting from the competencies exercised by the Community institutions.

24.3.2009

decide on it. Decisions of the Boards of Appeal are, in turn,
amenable to actions before the Court of Justice of the
European Communities, which has jurisdiction to annul or
to alter the contested decision.
(14) Under the first subparagraph of Article 225(1) of the EC

Treaty the Court of First Instance of the European
Communities has jurisdiction to hear and determine at
first instance the actions referred to in particular in
Article 230 of the EC Treaty with the exception of those
assigned to a judicial panel and those reserved in the Statute
to the Court of Justice. The jurisdiction which this
Regulation confers on the Court of Justice to cancel and
alter decisions of the Boards of Appeal should accordingly
be exercised at first instance by the Court.
(15) In order to strengthen the protection of Community trade

marks the Member States should designate, having regard
to their own national system, as limited a number as
possible of national courts of first and second instance
having jurisdiction in matters of infringement and validity
of Community trade marks.
(16) Decisions regarding the validity and infringement of

Community trade marks must have effect and cover the
entire area of the Community, as this is the only way of
preventing inconsistent decisions on the part of the courts
and the Office and of ensuring that the unitary character of
Community trade marks is not undermined. The provisions
of Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December
2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement
of judgments in civil and commercial matters (1) should
apply to all actions at law relating to Community trade
marks, save where this Regulation derogates from those
rules.
(17) Contradictory judgments should be avoided in actions

which involve the same acts and the same parties and
which are brought on the basis of a Community trade mark
and parallel national trade marks. For this purpose, when
the actions are brought in the same Member State, the way
in which this is to be achieved is a matter for national
procedural rules, which are not prejudiced by this
Regulation, whilst when the actions are brought in different
Member States, provisions modelled on the rules on lis
pendens and related actions of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001
appear appropriate.
(18) In order to guarantee the full autonomy and independence

of the Office, it is considered necessary to grant it an
autonomous budget whose revenue comes principally from
fees paid by the users of the system. However, the
Community budgetary procedure remains applicable as
far as any subsidies chargeable to the general budget of the
European Communities are concerned. Moreover, the
auditing of accounts should be undertaken by the Court
of Auditors.

(13) It is necessary to ensure that parties who are affected by

decisions made by the Office are protected by the law in a
manner which is suited to the special character of trade
mark law. To that end provision is made for an appeal to lie
from decisions of the examiners and of the various
divisions of the Office. If the department whose decision
is contested does not rectify its decision it is to remit the
appeal to a Board of Appeal of the Office, which is to

(19) Measures necessary for the implementation of this

Regulation should be adopted, particularly as regards fees
regulations and an Implementing Regulation, in accordance
with Council Decision 1999/468/EC of 28 June 1999
(1) OJ L 12, 16.1.2001, p. 1.

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laying down the procedures for the exercise of implementing powers conferred on the Commission (1),

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or of their packaging, provided that such signs are capable of
distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from
those of other undertakings.

HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:

Article 5
TITLE I

Persons who can be proprietors of Community trade marks

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Any natural or legal person, including authorities established
under public law, may be the proprietor of a Community trade
mark.

Article 1
Community trade mark
1. A trade mark for goods or services which is registered in
accordance with the conditions contained in this Regulation and
in the manner herein provided is hereinafter referred to as a
‘Community trade mark’.
2. A Community trade mark shall have a unitary character. It
shall have equal effect throughout the Community: it shall not be
registered, transferred or surrendered or be the subject of a
decision revoking the rights of the proprietor or declaring it
invalid, nor shall its use be prohibited, save in respect of the
whole Community. This principle shall apply unless otherwise
provided in this Regulation.

Article 6
Means whereby a Community trade mark is obtained
A Community trade mark shall be obtained by registration.
Article 7
Absolute grounds for refusal
1. The following shall not be registered:
(a)

signs which do not conform to the requirements of
Article 4;

(b)

trade marks which are devoid of any distinctive character;

(c)

trade marks which consist exclusively of signs or indications which may serve, in trade, to designate the kind,
quality, quantity, intended purpose, value, geographical
origin or the time of production of the goods or of
rendering of the service, or other characteristics of the
goods or service;

(d)

trade marks which consist exclusively of signs or indications which have become customary in the current
language or in the bona fide and established practices of
the trade;

(e)

signs which consist exclusively of:

Article 2
Office
An Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (trade marks
and designs), hereinafter referred to as ‘the Office’, is hereby
established.
Article 3
Capacity to act
For the purpose of implementing this Regulation, companies or
firms and other legal bodies shall be regarded as legal persons if,
under the terms of the law governing them, they have the
capacity in their own name to have rights and obligations of all
kinds, to make contracts or accomplish other legal acts and to
sue and be sued.

(i)

the shape which results from the nature of the goods
themselves;

(ii)

the shape of goods which is necessary to obtain a
technical result;

TITLE II
THE LAW RELATING TO TRADE MARKS

(iii) the shape which gives substantial value to the goods;

SECTION 1

Definition of a Community trade mark and obtaining a
Community trade mark

(f)

trade marks which are contrary to public policy or to
accepted principles of morality;

Article 4

(g)

trade marks which are of such a nature as to deceive the
public, for instance as to the nature, quality or geographical
origin of the goods or service;

(h)

trade marks which have not been authorised by the
competent authorities and are to be refused pursuant to
Article 6ter of the Paris Convention for the Protection of
Industrial Property, hereinafter referred to as the ‘Paris
Convention’;

Signs of which a Community trade mark may consist
A Community trade mark may consist of any signs capable of
being represented graphically, particularly words, including
personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods
(1) OJ L 184, 17.7.1999, p. 23.

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(i)

(j)

(k)

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24.3.2009

trade marks which include badges, emblems or escutcheons
other than those covered by Article 6ter of the Paris
Convention and which are of particular public interest,
unless the consent of the competent authority to their
registration has been given;

mark, taking account, where appropriate, of the priorities
claimed in respect of those trade marks:
(i)

Community trade marks;

trade marks for wines which contain or consist of a
geographical indication identifying wines or for spirits
which contain or consist of a geographical indication
identifying spirits with respect to such wines or spirits not
having that origin;

(ii)

trade marks registered in a Member State, or, in the
case of Belgium, the Netherlands or Luxembourg, at
the Benelux Office for Intellectual Property;

trade marks which contain or consist of a designation of
origin or a geographical indication registered in accordance
with Council Regulation (EC) No 510/2006 of 20 March
2006 on the protection of geographical indications and
designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs (1) when they correspond to one of the situations
covered by Article 13 of the said Regulation and regarding
the same type of product, on condition that the application
for registration of the trade mark has been submitted after
the date of filing with the Commission of the application
for registration of the designation of origin or geographical
indication.

(iii) trade marks registered under international arrangements which have effect in a Member State;
(iv) trade marks registered under international arrangements which have effect in the Community;
(b)

applications for the trade marks referred to in subparagraph (a), subject to their registration;

(c)

trade marks which, on the date of application for
registration of the Community trade mark, or, where
appropriate, of the priority claimed in respect of the
application for registration of the Community trade mark,
are well known in a Member State, in the sense in which the
words ‘well known’ are used in Article 6bis of the Paris
Convention.

2. Paragraph 1 shall apply notwithstanding that the grounds of
non-registrability obtain in only part of the Community.
3. Paragraph 1(b), (c) and (d) shall not apply if the trade mark
has become distinctive in relation to the goods or services for
which registration is requested in consequence of the use which
has been made of it.

3. Upon opposition by the proprietor of the trade mark, a
trade mark shall not be registered where an agent or
representative of the proprietor of the trade mark applies for
registration thereof in his own name without the proprietor's
consent, unless the agent or representative justifies his action.

Article 8
Relative grounds for refusal
1. Upon opposition by the proprietor of an earlier trade mark,
the trade mark applied for shall not be registered:
(a)

(b)

if it is identical with the earlier trade mark and the goods or
services for which registration is applied for are identical
with the goods or services for which the earlier trade mark
is protected;
if because of its identity with, or similarity to, the earlier
trade mark and the identity or similarity of the goods or
services covered by the trade marks there exists a likelihood
of confusion on the part of the public in the territory in
which the earlier trade mark is protected; the likelihood of
confusion includes the likelihood of association with the
earlier trade mark.

2. For the purposes of paragraph 1, ‘earlier trade marks’ means:
(a)

trade marks of the following kinds with a date of
application for registration which is earlier than the date
of application for registration of the Community trade

(1) OJ L 93, 31.3.2006, p. 12.

4. Upon opposition by the proprietor of a non-registered trade
mark or of another sign used in the course of trade of more than
mere local significance, the trade mark applied for shall not be
registered where and to the extent that, pursuant to the
Community legislation or the law of the Member State governing
that sign:
(a)

rights to that sign were acquired prior to the date of
application for registration of the Community trade mark,
or the date of the priority claimed for the application for
registration of the Community trade mark;

(b)

that sign confers on its proprietor the right to prohibit the
use of a subsequent trade mark.

5. Furthermore, upon opposition by the proprietor of an
earlier trade mark within the meaning of paragraph 2, the trade
mark applied for shall not be registered where it is identical with,
or similar to, the earlier trade mark and is to be registered for
goods or services which are not similar to those for which the
earlier trade mark is registered, where, in the case of an earlier
Community trade mark, the trade mark has a reputation in the
Community and, in the case of an earlier national trade mark, the
trade mark has a reputation in the Member State concerned and
where the use without due cause of the trade mark applied for
would take unfair advantage of, or be detrimental to, the
distinctive character or the repute of the earlier trade mark.

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L 78/5

SECTION 2

Article 10

Effects of Community trade marks

Reproduction of Community trade marks in dictionaries

Article 9
Rights conferred by a Community trade mark
1. A Community trade mark shall confer on the proprietor
exclusive rights therein. The proprietor shall be entitled to
prevent all third parties not having his consent from using in the
course of trade:

If the reproduction of a Community trade mark in a dictionary,
encyclopaedia or similar reference work gives the impression that
it constitutes the generic name of the goods or services for which
the trade mark is registered, the publisher of the work shall, at
the request of the proprietor of the Community trade mark,
ensure that the reproduction of the trade mark at the latest in the
next edition of the publication is accompanied by an indication
that it is a registered trade mark.

Article 11
(a)

(b)

(c)

any sign which is identical with the Community trade mark
in relation to goods or services which are identical with
those for which the Community trade mark is registered;
any sign where, because of its identity with, or similarity to,
the Community trade mark and the identity or similarity of
the goods or services covered by the Community trade
mark and the sign, there exists a likelihood of confusion on
the part of the public; the likelihood of confusion includes
the likelihood of association between the sign and the trade
mark;
any sign which is identical with, or similar to, the
Community trade mark in relation to goods or services
which are not similar to those for which the Community
trade mark is registered, where the latter has a reputation in
the Community and where use of that sign without due
cause takes unfair advantage of, or is detrimental to, the
distinctive character or the repute of the Community trade
mark.

Prohibition on the use of a Community trade mark
registered in the name of an agent or representative
Where a Community trade mark is registered in the name of the
agent or representative of a person who is the proprietor of that
trade mark, without the proprietor's authorisation, the latter shall
be entitled to oppose the use of his mark by his agent or
representative if he has not authorised such use, unless the agent
or representative justifies his action.

Article 12
Limitation of the effects of a Community trade mark
A Community trade mark shall not entitle the proprietor to
prohibit a third party from using in the course of trade:
(a)

his own name or address;

(b)

indications concerning the kind, quality, quantity, intended
purpose, value, geographical origin, the time of production
of the goods or of rendering of the service, or other
characteristics of the goods or service;

(c)

the trade mark where it is necessary to indicate the intended
purpose of a product or service, in particular as accessories
or spare parts,

2. The following, inter alia, may be prohibited under paragraph 1:
(a)

affixing the sign to the goods or to the packaging thereof;

(b)

offering the goods, putting them on the market or stocking
them for these purposes under that sign, or offering or
supplying services thereunder;

(c)

importing or exporting the goods under that sign;

(d)

using the sign on business papers and in advertising.

3. The rights conferred by a Community trade mark shall
prevail against third parties from the date of publication of
registration of the trade mark. Reasonable compensation may,
however, be claimed in respect of acts occurring after the date of
publication of a Community trade mark application, which acts
would, after publication of the registration of the trade mark, be
prohibited by virtue of that publication. The court seized of the
case may not decide upon the merits of the case until the
registration has been published.

provided he uses them in accordance with honest practices in
industrial or commercial matters.

Article 13
Exhaustion of the rights conferred by a Community trade
mark
1. A Community trade mark shall not entitle the proprietor to
prohibit its use in relation to goods which have been put on the
market in the Community under that trade mark by the
proprietor or with his consent.
2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply where there exist legitimate
reasons for the proprietor to oppose further commercialisation
of the goods, especially where the condition of the goods is
changed or impaired after they have been put on the market.

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Article 14

Complementary application of national law relating to
infringement
1. The effects of Community trade marks shall be governed
solely by the provisions of this Regulation. In other respects,
infringement of a Community trade mark shall be governed by
the national law relating to infringement of a national trade mark
in accordance with the provisions of Title X.
2. This Regulation shall not prevent actions concerning a
Community trade mark being brought under the law of Member
States relating in particular to civil liability and unfair
competition.
3. The rules of procedure to be applied shall be determined in
accordance with the provisions of Title X.

SECTION 3

24.3.2009

entirety, and for the whole area of the Community, as a national
trade mark registered in the Member State in which, according to
the Register of Community trade marks:
(a)

the proprietor has his seat or his domicile on the relevant
date;

(b)

where point (a) does not apply, the proprietor has an
establishment on the relevant date.

2. In cases which are not provided for by paragraph 1, the
Member State referred to in that paragraph shall be the Member
State in which the seat of the Office is situated.
3. If two or more persons are mentioned in the Register of
Community trade marks as joint proprietors, paragraph 1 shall
apply to the joint proprietor first mentioned; failing this, it shall
apply to the subsequent joint proprietors in the order in which
they are mentioned. Where paragraph 1 does not apply to any of
the joint proprietors, paragraph 2 shall apply.

Use of Community trade marks
Article 17
Article 15

Transfer

Use of Community trade marks
1. If, within a period of five years following registration, the
proprietor has not put the Community trade mark to genuine
use in the Community in connection with the goods or services
in respect of which it is registered, or if such use has been
suspended during an uninterrupted period of five years, the
Community trade mark shall be subject to the sanctions provided
for in this Regulation, unless there are proper reasons for nonuse.
The following shall also constitute use within the meaning of the
first subparagraph:
(a)

use of the Community trade mark in a form differing in
elements which do not alter the distinctive character of the
mark in the form in which it was registered;

(b)

affixing of the Community trade mark to goods or to the
packaging thereof in the Community solely for export
purposes.

2. Use of the Community trade mark with the consent of the
proprietor shall be deemed to constitute use by the proprietor.

SECTION 4

1. A Community trade mark may be transferred, separately
from any transfer of the undertaking, in respect of some or all of
the goods or services for which it is registered.
2. A transfer of the whole of the undertaking shall include the
transfer of the Community trade mark except where, in
accordance with the law governing the transfer, there is
agreement to the contrary or circumstances clearly dictate
otherwise. This provision shall apply to the contractual
obligation to transfer the undertaking.
3. Without prejudice to paragraph 2, an assignment of the
Community trade mark shall be made in writing and shall
require the signature of the parties to the contract, except when it
is a result of a judgment; otherwise it shall be void.
4. Where it is clear from the transfer documents that because
of the transfer the Community trade mark is likely to mislead the
public concerning the nature, quality or geographical origin of
the goods or services in respect of which it is registered, the
Office shall not register the transfer unless the successor agrees
to limit registration of the Community trade mark to goods or
services in respect of which it is not likely to mislead.
5. On request of one of the parties a transfer shall be entered in
the Register and published.

Community trade marks as objects of property
Article 16
Dealing with Community trade marks as national trade
marks
1. Unless Articles 17 to 24 provide otherwise, a Community
trade mark as an object of property shall be dealt with in its

6. As long as the transfer has not been entered in the Register,
the successor in title may not invoke the rights arising from the
registration of the Community trade mark.
7. Where there are time limits to be observed vis-à-vis the
Office, the successor in title may make the corresponding
statements to the Office once the request for registration of the
transfer has been received by the Office.

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8. All documents which require notification to the proprietor
of the Community trade mark in accordance with Article 79
shall be addressed to the person registered as proprietor.

Article 18
Transfer of a trade mark registered in the name of an agent
Where a Community trade mark is registered in the name of the
agent or representative of a person who is the proprietor of that
trade mark, without the proprietor's authorisation, the latter shall
be entitled to demand the assignment in his favour of the said
registration, unless such agent or representative justifies his
action.

Article 19

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2. In the case of joint proprietorship of a Community trade
mark, paragraph 1 shall apply to the share of the joint
proprietor.
3. Where a Community trade mark is involved in insolvency
proceedings, on request of the competent national authority an
entry to this effect shall be made in the Register and published in
the Community Trade Marks Bulletin referred to in Article 89.

Article 22
Licensing
1. A Community trade mark may be licensed for some or all of
the goods or services for which it is registered and for the whole
or part of the Community. A licence may be exclusive or nonexclusive.

Rights in rem
1. A Community trade mark may, independently of the
undertaking, be given as security or be the subject of rights in
rem.

2. The proprietor of a Community trade mark may invoke the
rights conferred by that trade mark against a licensee who
contravenes any provision in his licensing contract with regard
to:

2. On request of one of the parties, rights mentioned in
paragraph 1 shall be entered in the Register and published.

(a)

its duration;

(b)

the form covered by the registration in which the trade
mark may be used;

(c)

the scope of the goods or services for which the licence is
granted;

(d)

the territory in which the trade mark may be affixed; or

(e)

the quality of the goods manufactured or of the services
provided by the licensee.

Article 20
Levy of execution
1. A Community trade mark may be levied in execution.
2. As regards the procedure for levy of execution in respect of a
Community trade mark, the courts and authorities of the
Member States determined in accordance with Article 16 shall
have exclusive jurisdiction.

Insolvency proceedings

3. Without prejudice to the provisions of the licensing
contract, the licensee may bring proceedings for infringement
of a Community trade mark only if its proprietor consents
thereto. However, the holder of an exclusive licence may bring
such proceedings if the proprietor of the trade mark, after formal
notice, does not himself bring infringement proceedings within
an appropriate period.

1. The only insolvency proceedings in which a Community
trade mark may be involved are those opened in the Member
State in the territory of which the debtor has his centre of main
interests.

4. A licensee shall, for the purpose of obtaining compensation
for damage suffered by him, be entitled to intervene in
infringement proceedings brought by the proprietor of the
Community trade mark.

However, where the debtor is an insurance undertaking or a
credit institution as defined in Directive 2001/17/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 19 March 2001 on
the reorganisation and winding-up of insurance undertakings (1)
and Directive 2001/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 4 April 2001 on the reorganisation and winding up
of credit institutions (2), respectively, the only insolvency
proceedings in which a Community trademark may be involved
are those opened in the Member State where that undertaking or
institution has been authorised.

5. On request of one of the parties the grant or transfer of a
licence in respect of a Community trade mark shall be entered in
the Register and published.

3. On request of one the parties, levy of execution shall be
entered in the Register and published.

Article 21

(1) OJ L 110, 20.4.2001, p. 28.
(2) OJ L 125, 5.5.2001, p. 15.

Article 23
Effects vis-à-vis third parties
1. Legal acts referred to in Articles 17, 19 and 22 concerning a
Community trade mark shall have effects vis-à-vis third parties in
all the Member States only after entry in the Register.
Nevertheless, such an act, before it is so entered, shall have

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effect vis-à-vis third parties who have acquired rights in the trade
mark after the date of that act but who knew of the act at the
date on which the rights were acquired.
2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply in the case of a person who
acquires the Community trade mark or a right concerning the
Community trade mark by way of transfer of the whole of the
undertaking or by any other universal succession.
3. The effects vis-à-vis third parties of the legal acts referred to
in Article 20 shall be governed by the law of the Member State
determined in accordance with Article 16.

24.3.2009

3. Applications referred to in paragraph 2 which reach the
Office more than two months after filing shall be deemed to have
been filed on the date on which the application reached the
Office.
4. Ten years after the entry into force of Regulation (EC)
No 40/94, the Commission shall draw up a report on the
operation of the system of filing applications for Community
trade marks, together with any proposals for modifying this
system.

Article 26
4. Until such time as common rules for the Member States in
the field of bankruptcy enter into force, the effects vis-à-vis third
parties of bankruptcy or like proceedings shall be governed by
the law of the Member State in which such proceedings are first
brought within the meaning of national law or of conventions
applicable in this field.

Conditions with which applications must comply
1. An application for a Community trade mark shall contain:
(a)

The application for a Community trade mark as an object of
property

(b)

information identifying the applicant;

(c)

a list of the goods or services in respect of which the
registration is requested;

(d)

Article 24

a request for the registration of a Community trade mark;

a representation of the trade mark.

Articles 16 to 23 shall apply to applications for Community
trade marks.

TITLE III
APPLICATION FOR COMMUNITY TRADE MARKS

SECTION 1

Filing of applications and the conditions which govern them

2. The application for a Community trade mark shall be subject
to the payment of the application fee and, when appropriate, of
one or more class fees.
3. An application for a Community trade mark must comply
with the conditions laid down in the Implementing Regulation
referred to in Article 162(1), hereinafter referred to as the
‘Implementing Regulation’.

Article 25

Article 27

Filing of applications

Date of filing

1. An application for a Community trade mark shall be filed, at
the choice of the applicant:

The date of filing of a Community trade mark application shall
be the date on which documents containing the information
specified in Article 26(1) are filed with the Office by the
applicant or, if the application has been filed with the central
office of a Member State or with the Benelux Office for
Intellectual Property, with that office, subject to payment of the
application fee within a period of one month of filing the
abovementioned documents.

(a)

at the Office;

(b)

at the central industrial property office of a Member State
or at the Benelux Office for Intellectual Property. An
application filed in this way shall have the same effect as if
it had been filed on the same date at the Office.

Article 28
2. Where the application is filed at the central industrial
property office of a Member State or at the Benelux Office for
Intellectual Property, that office shall take all steps to forward the
application to the Office within two weeks after filing. It may
charge the applicant a fee which shall not exceed the
administrative costs of receiving and forwarding the application.

Classification
Goods and services in respect of which Community trade marks
are applied for shall be classified in conformity with the system
of classification specified in the Implementing Regulation.

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SECTION 2

Priority

L 78/9

application for the purposes of establishing which rights take
precedence.

Article 29

Article 32

Right of priority

Equivalence of Community filing with national filing

1. A person who has duly filed an application for a trade mark
in or in respect of any State party to the Paris Convention or to
the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organisation, or his
successors in title, shall enjoy, for the purpose of filing a
Community trade mark application for the same trade mark in
respect of goods or services which are identical with or contained
within those for which the application has been filed, a right of
priority during a period of six months from the date of filing of
the first application.

A Community trade mark application which has been accorded a
date of filing shall, in the Member States, be equivalent to a
regular national filing, where appropriate with the priority
claimed for the Community trade mark application.

SECTION 3

Exhibition priority
2. Every filing that is equivalent to a regular national filing
under the national law of the State where it was made or under
bilateral or multilateral agreements shall be recognised as giving
rise to a right of priority.

Article 33
Exhibition priority

3. By a regular national filing is meant any filing that is
sufficient to establish the date on which the application was filed,
whatever may be the outcome of the application.
4. A subsequent application for a trade mark which was the
subject of a previous first application in respect of the same
goods or services and which is filed in or in respect of the same
State shall be considered as the first application for the purposes
of determining priority, provided that, at the date of filing of the
subsequent application, the previous application has been
withdrawn, abandoned or refused, without being open to public
inspection and without leaving any rights outstanding, and has
not served as a basis for claiming a right of priority. The previous
application may not thereafter serve as a basis for claiming a
right of priority.
5. If the first filing has been made in a State which is not a
party to the Paris Convention or to the Agreement establishing
the World Trade Organisation, paragraphs 1 to 4 shall apply only
in so far as that State, according to published findings, grants, on
the basis of the first filing made at the Office and subject to
conditions equivalent to those laid down in this Regulation, a
right of priority having equivalent effect.

1. If an applicant for a Community trade mark has displayed
goods or services under the mark applied for, at an official or
officially recognised international exhibition falling within the
terms of the Convention on International Exhibitions signed at
Paris on 22 November 1928 and last revised on 30 November
1972, he may, if he files the application within a period of six
months from the date of the first display of the goods or services
under the mark applied for, claim a right of priority from that
date within the meaning of Article 31.
2. An applicant who wishes to claim priority pursuant to
paragraph 1 must file evidence of the display of goods or services
under the mark applied for under the conditions laid down in
the Implementing Regulation.
3. An exhibition priority granted in a Member State or in a
third country does not extend the period of priority laid down in
Article 29.

SECTION 4

Article 30

Claiming the seniority of a national trade mark

Claiming priority
An applicant desiring to take advantage of the priority of a
previous application shall file a declaration of priority and a copy
of the previous application. If the language of the latter is not
one of the languages of the Office, the applicant shall file a
translation of the previous application in one of those languages.

Article 31
Effect of priority right
The right of priority shall have the effect that the date of priority
shall count as the date of filing of the Community trade mark

Article 34
Claiming the seniority of a national trade mark
1. The proprietor of an earlier trade mark registered in a
Member State, including a trade mark registered in the Benelux
countries, or registered under international arrangements having
effect in a Member State, who applies for an identical trade mark
for registration as a Community trade mark for goods or services
which are identical with or contained within those for which the
earlier trade mark has been registered, may claim for the
Community trade mark the seniority of the earlier trade mark in
respect of the Member State in or for which it is registered.

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2. Seniority shall have the sole effect under this Regulation
that, where the proprietor of the Community trade mark
surrenders the earlier trade mark or allows it to lapse, he shall be
deemed to continue to have the same rights as he would have
had if the earlier trade mark had continued to be registered.
3. The seniority claimed for the Community trade mark shall
lapse if the earlier trade mark the seniority of which is claimed is
declared to have been revoked or to be invalid or if it is
surrendered prior to the registration of the Community trade
mark.

Article 35
Claiming seniority after registration of the Community
trade mark
1. The proprietor of a Community trade mark who is the
proprietor of an earlier identical trade mark registered in a
Member State, including a trade mark registered in the Benelux
countries or of an earlier identical trade mark, with an
international registration effective in a Member State, for goods
or services which are identical to those for which the earlier trade
mark has been registered, or contained within them, may claim
the seniority of the earlier trade mark in respect of the Member
State in or for which it was registered.
2. Article 34(2) and (3) shall apply.

24.3.2009

3. If the deficiencies or the default on payment established
pursuant to paragraph 1(a) are not remedied within this period,
the application shall not be dealt with as a Community trade
mark application. If the applicant complies with the Office's
request, the Office shall accord as the date of filing of the
application the date on which the deficiencies or the default on
payment established are remedied.
4. If the deficiencies established pursuant to paragraph 1(b) are
not remedied within the prescribed period, the Office shall refuse
the application.
5. If the default on payment established pursuant to paragraph 1(c) is not remedied within the prescribed period, the
application shall be deemed to be withdrawn unless it is clear
which categories of goods or services the amount paid is
intended to cover.
6. Failure to satisfy the requirements concerning the claim to
priority shall result in loss of the right of priority for the
application.
7. Failure to satisfy the requirements concerning the claiming
of seniority of a national trade mark shall result in loss of that
right for the application.

Article 37
Examination as to absolute grounds for refusal

TITLE IV
REGISTRATION PROCEDURE

SECTION 1

Examination of applications

Article 36
Examination of the conditions of filing
1. The Office shall examine whether:
(a)

the Community trade mark application satisfies the
requirements for the accordance of a date of filing in
accordance with Article 27;

(b)

the Community trade mark application complies with the
conditions laid down in this Regulation and with the
conditions laid down in the Implementing Regulation;

(c)

where appropriate, the class fees have been paid within the
prescribed period.

1. Where, under Article 7, a trade mark is ineligible for
registration in respect of some or all of the goods or services
covered by the Community trade mark application, the
application shall be refused as regards those goods or services.
2. Where the trade mark contains an element which is not
distinctive, and where the inclusion of that element in the trade
mark could give rise to doubts as to the scope of protection of
the trade mark, the Office may request, as a condition for
registration of said trade mark, that the applicant state that he
disclaims any exclusive right to such element. Any disclaimer
shall be published together with the application or the
registration of the Community trade mark, as the case may be.
3. The application shall not be refused before the applicant has
been allowed the opportunity of withdrawing or amending the
application or of submitting his observations.

SECTION 2

Search

Article 38
Search

2. Where the Community trade mark application does not
satisfy the requirements referred to in paragraph 1, the Office
shall request the applicant to remedy the deficiencies or the
default on payment within the prescribed period.

1. Once the Office has accorded a date of filing, it shall draw up
a Community search report citing those earlier Community trade
marks or Community trade mark applications discovered which

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may be invoked under Article 8 against the registration of the
Community trade mark applied for.
2. Where, at the time of filing a Community trade mark
application, the applicant requests that a search report also be
prepared by the central industrial property offices of the Member
States and where the appropriate search fee has been paid within
the time limit for the payment of the filing fee, the Office shall, as
soon as a Community trade mark application has been accorded
a date of filing, transmit a copy thereof to the central industrial
property office of each Member State which has informed the
Office of its decision to operate a search in its own register of
trade marks in respect of Community trade mark applications.

referred to in Article 38(7) has expired, the application shall be
published to the extent that it has not been refused pursuant to
Article 37.

2. Where, after publication, the application is refused under
Article 37, the decision that it has been refused shall be
published upon becoming final.

SECTION 4

Observations by third parties and opposition

3. Each of the central industrial property offices referred to in
paragraph 2 shall communicate to the Office within two months
as from the date on which it received the Community trade mark
application a search report which shall either cite those earlier
national trade marks or trade mark applications discovered
which may be invoked under Article 8 against the registration of
the Community trade mark applied for, or state that the search
has revealed no such rights.
4. The search reports referred to in paragraph 3 shall be
prepared on a standard form drawn up by the Office, after
consulting the Administrative Board provided for in Article 126(1), hereinafter referred to as ‘the Administrative Board’.
The essential contents of this form shall be set out in the
Implementing Regulation.

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Article 40
Observations by third parties
1. Following the publication of the Community trade mark
application, any natural or legal person and any group or body
representing manufacturers, producers, suppliers of services,
traders or consumers may submit to the Office written
observations, explaining on which grounds under Article 7, in
particular, the trade mark shall not be registered ex officio. They
shall not be parties to the proceedings before the Office.

5. An amount shall be paid by the Office to each central
industrial property office for each search report provided by that
office in accordance with paragraph 3. The amount, which shall
be the same for each office, shall be fixed by the Budget
Committee by means of a decision adopted by a majority of
three-quarters of the representatives of the Member States.

2. The observations referred to in paragraph 1 shall be
communicated to the applicant who may comment on them.

6. The Office shall transmit without delay to the applicant for
the Community trade mark the Community search report and
any requested national search reports received within the time
limit laid down in paragraph 3.

Opposition

7. Upon publication of the Community trade mark application,
which may not take place before the expiry of a period of one
month as from the date on which the Office transmits the search
reports to the applicant, the Office shall inform the proprietors
of any earlier Community trade marks or Community trade mark
applications cited in the Community search report of the
publication of the Community trade mark application.

Article 41

1. Within a period of three months following the publication
of a Community trade mark application, notice of opposition to
registration of the trade mark may be given on the grounds that
it may not be registered under Article 8:

(a)

by the proprietors of earlier trade marks referred to in
Article 8(2) as well as licensees authorised by the
proprietors of those trade marks, in respect of Article 8(1) and (5);

(b)

by the proprietors of trade marks referred to in Article 8(3);

(c)

by the proprietors of earlier marks or signs referred to in
Article 8(4) and by persons authorised under the relevant
national law to exercise these rights.

SECTION 3

Publication of the application

Article 39
Publication of the application
1. If the conditions which the application for a Community
trade mark must satisfy have been fulfilled and if the period

2. Notice of opposition to registration of the trade mark may
also be given, subject to the conditions laid down in paragraph 1,
in the event of the publication of an amended application in
accordance with the second sentence of Article 43(2).

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3. Opposition must be expressed in writing and must specify
the grounds on which it is made. It shall not be treated as duly
entered until the opposition fee has been paid. Within a period
fixed by the Office, the opponent may submit in support of his
case facts, evidence and arguments.

Article 42
Examination of opposition
1. In the examination of the opposition the Office shall invite
the parties, as often as necessary, to file observations, within a
period set them by the Office, on communications from the
other parties or issued by itself.

24.3.2009

contained therein. Where the application has already been
published, the withdrawal or restriction shall also be published.
2. In other respects, a Community trade mark application may
be amended, upon request of the applicant, only by correcting
the name and address of the applicant, errors of wording or of
copying, or obvious mistakes, provided that such correction does
not substantially change the trade mark or extend the list of
goods or services. Where the amendments affect the representation of the trade mark or the list of goods or services and are
made after publication of the application, the trade mark
application shall be published as amended.

Article 44
2. If the applicant so requests, the proprietor of an earlier
Community trade mark who has given notice of opposition shall
furnish proof that, during the period of five years preceding the
date of publication of the Community trade mark application,
the earlier Community trade mark has been put to genuine use in
the Community in connection with the goods or services in
respect of which it is registered and which he cites as justification
for his opposition, or that there are proper reasons for non-use,
provided the earlier Community trade mark has at that date been
registered for not less than five years. In the absence of proof to
this effect, the opposition shall be rejected. If the earlier
Community trade mark has been used in relation to part only
of the goods or services for which it is registered it shall, for the
purposes of the examination of the opposition, be deemed to be
registered in respect only of that part of the goods or services.

Division of the application
1. The applicant may divide the application by declaring that
some of the goods or services included in the original application
will be the subject of one or more divisional applications. The
goods or services in the divisional application shall not overlap
with the goods or services which remain in the original
application or those which are included in other divisional
applications.
2. The declaration of division shall not be admissible:
(a)

if, where an opposition has been entered against the
original application, such a divisional application has the
effect of introducing a division amongst the goods or
services against which the opposition has been directed,
until the decision of the Opposition Division has become
final or the opposition proceedings are finally terminated
otherwise;

4. The Office may, if it thinks fit, invite the parties to make a
friendly settlement.

(b)

during the periods laid down in the Implementing
Regulation.

5. If examination of the opposition reveals that the trade mark
may not be registered in respect of some or all of the goods or
services for which the Community trade mark application has
been made, the application shall be refused in respect of those
goods or services. Otherwise the opposition shall be rejected.

3. The declaration of division must comply with the provisions
set out in the Implementing Regulation.

3. Paragraph 2 shall apply to earlier national trade marks
referred to in Article 8(2)(a), by substituting use in the Member
State in which the earlier national trade mark is protected for use
in the Community.

6. The decision refusing the application shall be published
upon becoming final.

4. The declaration of division shall be subject to a fee. The
declaration shall be deemed not to have been made until the fee
has been paid.
5. The division shall take effect on the date on which it is
recorded in the files kept by the Office concerning the original
application.

SECTION 5

Withdrawal, restriction, amendment and division of the
application

Article 43
Withdrawal, restriction and amendment of the application
1. The applicant may at any time withdraw his Community
trade mark application or restrict the list of goods or services

6. All requests and applications submitted and all fees paid
with regard to the original application prior to the date on which
the Office receives the declaration of division are deemed also to
have been submitted or paid with regard to the divisional
application or applications. The fees for the original application
which have been duly paid prior to the date on which the
declaration of division is received shall not be refunded.
7. The divisional application shall preserve the filing date and
any priority date and seniority date of the original application.

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SECTION 6

Article 48

Registration

Alteration

Article 45

1. The Community trade mark shall not be altered in the
Register during the period of registration or on renewal thereof.

Registration
Where an application meets the requirements of this Regulation
and where no notice of opposition has been given within the
period referred to in Article 41(1) or where opposition has been
rejected by a definitive decision, the trade mark shall be
registered as a Community trade mark, provided that the
registration fee has been paid within the period prescribed. If the
fee is not paid within this period the application shall be deemed
to be withdrawn.

2. Nevertheless, where the Community trade mark includes the
name and address of the proprietor, any alteration thereof not
substantially affecting the identity of the trade mark as originally
registered may be registered at the request of the proprietor.
3. The publication of the registration of the alteration shall
contain a representation of the Community trade mark as
altered. Third parties whose rights may be affected by the
alteration may challenge the registration thereof within a period
of three months following publication.

TITLE V

Article 49

DURATION, RENEWAL, ALTERATION AND DIVISION OF
COMMUNITY TRADE MARKS

Division of the registration

Article 46
Duration of registration
Community trade marks shall be registered for a period of 10
years from the date of filing of the application. Registration may
be renewed in accordance with Article 47 for further periods of
10 years.
Article 47

1. The proprietor of the Community trade mark may divide the
registration by declaring that some of the goods or services
included in the original registration will be the subject of one or
more divisional registrations. The goods or services in the
divisional registration shall not overlap with the goods or
services which remain in the original registration or those which
are included in other divisional registrations.
2. The declaration of division shall not be admissible:
(a)

if, where an application for revocation of rights or for a
declaration of invalidity has been entered at the Office
against the original registration, such a divisional declaration has the effect of introducing a division amongst the
goods or services against which the application for
revocation of rights or for a declaration of invalidity is
directed, until the decision of the Cancellation Division has
become final or the proceedings are finally terminated
otherwise;

(b)

if, where a counterclaim for revocation or for a declaration
of invalidity has been entered in a case before a Community
trade mark court, such a divisional declaration has the effect
of introducing a division amongst the goods or services
against which the counterclaim is directed, until the
mention of the Community trade mark court's judgment
is recorded in the Register pursuant to Article 100(6).

Renewal
1. Registration of the Community trade mark shall be renewed
at the request of the proprietor of the trade mark or any person
expressly authorised by him, provided that the fees have been
paid.
2. The Office shall inform the proprietor of the Community
trade mark, and any person having a registered right in respect of
the Community trade mark, of the expiry of the registration in
good time before the said expiry. Failure to give such information
shall not involve the responsibility of the Office.
3. The request for renewal shall be submitted within a period
of six months ending on the last day of the month in which
protection ends. The fees shall also be paid within this period.
Failing this, the request may be submitted and the fees paid
within a further period of six months following the day referred
to in the first sentence, provided that an additional fee is paid
within this further period.
4. Where the request is submitted or the fees paid in respect of
only some of the goods or services for which the Community
trade mark is registered, registration shall be renewed for those
goods or services only.
5. Renewal shall take effect from the day following the date on
which the existing registration expires. The renewal shall be
registered.

3. The declaration of division must comply with the provisions
set out in the Implementing Regulation.
4. The declaration of division shall be subject to a fee. The
declaration shall be deemed not to have been made until the fee
has been paid.
5. The division shall take effect on the date on which it is
entered in the Register.
6. All requests and applications submitted and all fees paid
with regard to the original registration prior to the date on which
the Office receives the declaration of division shall be deemed

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also to have been submitted or paid with regard to the divisional
registration or registrations. The fees for the original registration
which have been duly paid prior to the date on which the
declaration of division is received shall not be refunded.

24.3.2009

and filing of the application or counterclaim, genuine use of
the trade mark has been started or resumed; the
commencement or resumption of use within a period of
three months preceding the filing of the application or
counterclaim which began at the earliest on expiry of the
continuous period of five years of non-use shall, however,
be disregarded where preparations for the commencement
or resumption occur only after the proprietor becomes
aware that the application or counterclaim may be filed;

7. The divisional registration shall preserve the filing date and
any priority date and seniority date of the original registration.

(b)

if, in consequence of acts or inactivity of the proprietor, the
trade mark has become the common name in the trade for
a product or service in respect of which it is registered;

(c)

TITLE VI

if, in consequence of the use made of it by the proprietor of
the trade mark or with his consent in respect of the goods
or services for which it is registered, the trade mark is liable
to mislead the public, particularly as to the nature, quality
or geographical origin of those goods or services.

SURRENDER, REVOCATION AND INVALIDITY

SECTION 1

Surrender

Article 50
Surrender

2. Where the grounds for revocation of rights exist in respect
of only some of the goods or services for which the Community
trade mark is registered, the rights of the proprietor shall be
declared to be revoked in respect of those goods or services only.

1. A Community trade mark may be surrendered in respect of
some or all of the goods or services for which it is registered.
2. The surrender shall be declared to the Office in writing by
the proprietor of the trade mark. It shall not have effect until it
has been entered in the Register.
3. Surrender shall be entered only with the agreement of the
proprietor of a right entered in the Register. If a licence has been
registered, surrender shall be entered in the Register only if the
proprietor of the trade mark proves that he has informed the
licensee of his intention to surrender; this entry shall be made on
expiry of the period prescribed by the Implementing Regulation.

SECTION 3

Grounds for invalidity

Article 52
Absolute grounds for invalidity
1. A Community trade mark shall be declared invalid on
application to the Office or on the basis of a counterclaim in
infringement proceedings:

SECTION 2

Grounds for revocation

Article 51

(a)

where the Community trade mark has been registered
contrary to the provisions of Article 7;

(b)

where the applicant was acting in bad faith when he filed
the application for the trade mark.

Grounds for revocation
1. The rights of the proprietor of the Community trade mark
shall be declared to be revoked on application to the Office or on
the basis of a counterclaim in infringement proceedings:
(a)

if, within a continuous period of five years, the trade mark
has not been put to genuine use in the Community in
connection with the goods or services in respect of which it
is registered, and there are no proper reasons for non-use;
however, no person may claim that the proprietor's rights
in a Community trade mark should be revoked where,
during the interval between expiry of the five-year period

2. Where the Community trade mark has been registered in
breach of the provisions of Article 7(1)(b), (c) or (d), it may
nevertheless not be declared invalid if, in consequence of the use
which has been made of it, it has after registration acquired a
distinctive character in relation to the goods or services for which
it is registered.

3. Where the ground for invalidity exists in respect of only
some of the goods or services for which the Community trade
mark is registered, the trade mark shall be declared invalid as
regards those goods or services only.

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Article 53

Relative grounds for invalidity
1. A Community trade mark shall be declared invalid on
application to the Office or on the basis of a counterclaim in
infringement proceedings:
(a)

where there is an earlier trade mark as referred to in
Article 8(2) and the conditions set out in paragraph 1 or
paragraph 5 of that Article are fulfilled;

(b)

where there is a trade mark as referred to in Article 8(3) and
the conditions set out in that paragraph are fulfilled;

(c)

where there is an earlier right as referred to in Article 8(4)
and the conditions set out in that paragraph are fulfilled.

2. A Community trade mark shall also be declared invalid on
application to the Office or on the basis of a counterclaim in
infringement proceedings where the use of such trade mark may
be prohibited pursuant to another earlier right under the
Community legislation or national law governing its protection,
and in particular:

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mark has been used, unless registration of the later Community
trade mark was applied for in bad faith.
2. Where the proprietor of an earlier national trade mark as
referred to in Article 8(2) or of another earlier sign referred to in
Article 8(4) has acquiesced, for a period of five successive years,
in the use of a later Community trade mark in the Member State
in which the earlier trade mark or the other earlier sign is
protected while being aware of such use, he shall no longer be
entitled on the basis of the earlier trade mark or of the other
earlier sign either to apply for a declaration that the later trade
mark is invalid or to oppose the use of the later trade mark in
respect of the goods or services for which the later trade mark
has been used, unless registration of the later Community trade
mark was applied for in bad faith.
3. In the cases referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2, the proprietor
of a later Community trade mark shall not be entitled to oppose
the use of the earlier right, even though that right may no longer
be invoked against the later Community trade mark.

SECTION 4

(a)

a right to a name;

(b)

a right of personal portrayal;

(c)

a copyright;

Consequences of revocation and invalidity

Article 55
Consequences of revocation and invalidity

(d)

an industrial property right.

3. A Community trade mark may not be declared invalid where
the proprietor of a right referred to in paragraphs 1 or 2 consents
expressly to the registration of the Community trade mark before
submission of the application for a declaration of invalidity or
the counterclaim.
4. Where the proprietor of one of the rights referred to in
paragraphs 1 or 2 has previously applied for a declaration that a
Community trade mark is invalid or made a counterclaim in
infringement proceedings, he may not submit a new application
for a declaration of invalidity or lodge a counterclaim on the
basis of another of the said rights which he could have invoked
in support of his first application or counterclaim.
5. Article 52(3) shall apply.

Article 54

1. The Community trade mark shall be deemed not to have
had, as from the date of the application for revocation or of the
counterclaim, the effects specified in this Regulation, to the
extent that the rights of the proprietor have been revoked. An
earlier date, on which one of the grounds for revocation
occurred, may be fixed in the decision at the request of one of the
parties.
2. The Community trade mark shall be deemed not to have
had, as from the outset, the effects specified in this Regulation, to
the extent that the trade mark has been declared invalid.
3. Subject to the national provisions relating either to claims
for compensation for damage caused by negligence or lack of
good faith on the part of the proprietor of the trade mark, or to
unjust enrichment, the retroactive effect of revocation or
invalidity of the trade mark shall not affect:
(a)

any decision on infringement which has acquired the
authority of a final decision and been enforced prior to the
revocation or invalidity decision;

(b)

any contract concluded prior to the revocation or invalidity
decision, in so far as it has been performed before that
decision; however, repayment, to an extent justified by the
circumstances, of sums paid under the relevant contract,
may be claimed on grounds of equity.

Limitation in consequence of acquiescence
1. Where the proprietor of a Community trade mark has
acquiesced, for a period of five successive years, in the use of a
later Community trade mark in the Community while being
aware of such use, he shall no longer be entitled on the basis of
the earlier trade mark either to apply for a declaration that the
later trade mark is invalid or to oppose the use of the later trade
mark in respect of the goods or services for which the later trade

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SECTION 5

Proceedings in the Office in relation to revocation or invalidity

Article 56

24.3.2009

at that date. In the absence of proof to this effect the application
for a declaration of invalidity shall be rejected. If the earlier
Community trade mark has been used in relation to part only of
the goods or services for which it is registered, it shall, for the
purpose of the examination of the application for a declaration
of invalidity, be deemed to be registered in respect only of that
part of the goods or services.

Application for revocation or for a declaration of invalidity
1. An application for revocation of the rights of the proprietor
of a Community trade mark or for a declaration that the trade
mark is invalid may be submitted to the Office:
(a)

where Articles 51 and 52 apply, by any natural or legal
person and any group or body set up for the purpose of
representing the interests of manufacturers, producers,
suppliers of services, traders or consumers, which under the
terms of the law governing it has the capacity in its own
name to sue and be sued;

(b)

where Article 53(1) applies, by the persons referred to in
Article 41(1);

(c)

where Article 53(2) applies, by the owners of the earlier
rights referred to in that provision or by the persons who
are entitled under the law of the Member State concerned
to exercise the rights in question.

2. The application shall be filed in a written reasoned
statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the
fee has been paid.
3. An application for revocation or for a declaration of
invalidity shall be inadmissible if an application relating to the
same subject matter and cause of action, and involving the same
parties, has been adjudicated on by a court in a Member State
and has acquired the authority of a final decision.

Article 57
Examination of the application
1. On the examination of the application for revocation of
rights or for a declaration of invalidity, the Office shall invite the
parties, as often as necessary, to file observations, within a period
to be fixed by the Office, on communications from the other
parties or issued by itself.
2. If the proprietor of the Community trade mark so requests,
the proprietor of an earlier Community trade mark, being a party
to the invalidity proceedings, shall furnish proof that, during the
period of five years preceding the date of the application for a
declaration of invalidity, the earlier Community trade mark has
been put to genuine use in the Community in connection with
the goods or services in respect of which it is registered and
which he cites as justification for his application, or that there are
proper reasons for non-use, provided the earlier Community
trade mark has at that date been registered for not less than five
years. If, at the date on which the Community trade mark
application was published, the earlier Community trade mark
had been registered for not less than five years, the proprietor of
the earlier Community trade mark shall furnish proof that, in
addition, the conditions contained in Article 42(2) were satisfied

3. Paragraph 2 shall apply to earlier national trade marks
referred to in Article 8(2)(a), by substituting use in the Member
State in which the earlier national trade mark is protected for use
in the Community.
4. The Office may, if it thinks fit, invite the parties to make a
friendly settlement.
5. If the examination of the application for revocation of rights
or for a declaration of invalidity reveals that the trade mark
should not have been registered in respect of some or all of the
goods or services for which it is registered, the rights of the
proprietor of the Community trade mark shall be revoked or it
shall be declared invalid in respect of those goods or services.
Otherwise the application for revocation of rights or for a
declaration of invalidity shall be rejected.
6. A record of the Office's decision on the application for
revocation of rights or for a declaration of invalidity shall be
entered in the Register once it has become final.

TITLE VII
APPEALS

Article 58
Decisions subject to appeal
1. An appeal shall lie from decisions of the examiners,
Opposition Divisions, Administration of Trade Marks and Legal
Divisions and Cancellation Divisions. It shall have suspensive
effect.
2. A decision which does not terminate proceedings as regards
one of the parties can only be appealed together with the final
decision, unless the decision allows separate appeal.

Article 59
Persons entitled to appeal and to be parties to appeal
proceedings
Any party to proceedings adversely affected by a decision may
appeal. Any other parties to the proceedings shall be parties to
the appeal proceedings as of right.

Article 60
Time limit and form of appeal
Notice of appeal must be filed in writing at the Office within two
months after the date of notification of the decision appealed

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from. The notice shall be deemed to have been filed only when
the fee for appeal has been paid. Within four months after the
date of notification of the decision, a written statement setting
out the grounds of appeal must be filed.

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Article 64

Decisions in respect of appeals

Revision of decisions in ex parte cases

1. Following the examination as to the allowability of the
appeal, the Board of Appeal shall decide on the appeal. The
Board of Appeal may either exercise any power within the
competence of the department which was responsible for the
decision appealed or remit the case to that department for
further prosecution.

1. If the party which has lodged the appeal is the sole party to
the procedure, and if the department whose decision is contested
considers the appeal to be admissible and well founded, the
department shall rectify its decision.

2. If the Board of Appeal remits the case for further
prosecution to the department whose decision was appealed,
that department shall be bound by the ratio decidendi of the Board
of Appeal, in so far as the facts are the same.

2. If the decision is not rectified within one month after receipt
of the statement of grounds, the appeal shall be remitted to the
Board of Appeal without delay, and without comment as to its
merit.

3. The decisions of the Boards of Appeal shall take effect only
as from the date of expiration of the period referred to in
Article 65(5) or, if an action has been brought before the Court
of Justice within that period, as from the date of dismissal of such
action.

Article 62

Article 65

Revision of decisions in inter partes cases

Actions before the Court of Justice

Article 61

1. Where the party which has lodged the appeal is opposed by
another party and if the department whose decision is contested
considers the appeal to be admissible and well founded, it shall
rectify its decision.
2. The decision may be rectified only if the department whose
decision is contested notifies the other party of its intention to
rectify it, and that party accepts it within two months of the date
on which it received the notification.
3. If, within two months of receiving the notification referred
to in paragraph 2, the other party does not accept that the
contested decision is to be rectified and makes a declaration to
that effect or does not make any declaration within the period
laid down, the appeal shall be remitted to the Board of Appeal
without delay, and without comment as to its merit.
4. However, if the department whose decision is contested does
not consider the appeal to be admissible and well founded within
one month after receipt of the statement of grounds, it shall,
instead of taking the measures provided for in paragraphs 2 and
3, remit the appeal to the Board of Appeal without delay, and
without comment as to its merit.

1. Actions may be brought before the Court of Justice against
decisions of the Boards of Appeal on appeals.
2. The action may be brought on grounds of lack of
competence, infringement of an essential procedural requirement, infringement of the Treaty, of this Regulation or of any
rule of law relating to their application or misuse of power.
3. The Court of Justice has jurisdiction to annul or to alter the
contested decision.
4. The action shall be open to any party to proceedings before
the Board of Appeal adversely affected by its decision.
5. The action shall be brought before the Court of Justice
within two months of the date of notification of the decision of
the Board of Appeal.
6. The Office shall be required to take the necessary measures
to comply with the judgment of the Court of Justice.

TITLE VIII
COMMUNITY COLLECTIVE MARKS

Article 63

Article 66

Examination of appeals

Community collective marks

1. If the appeal is admissible, the Board of Appeal shall
examine whether the appeal is allowable.

1. A Community collective mark shall be a Community trade
mark which is described as such when the mark is applied for
and is capable of distinguishing the goods or services of the
members of the association which is the proprietor of the mark
from those of other undertakings. Associations of manufacturers,
producers, suppliers of services, or traders which, under the
terms of the law governing them, have the capacity in their own
name to have rights and obligations of all kinds, to make

2. In the examination of the appeal, the Board of Appeal shall
invite the parties, as often as necessary, to file observations,
within a period to be fixed by the Board of Appeal, on
communications from the other parties or issued by itself.

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Article 70

contracts or accomplish other legal acts and to sue and be sued,
as well as legal persons governed by public law, may apply for
Community collective marks.
2. In derogation from Article 7(1)(c), signs or indications
which may serve, in trade, to designate the geographical origin of
the goods or services may constitute Community collective
marks within the meaning of paragraph 1. A collective mark
shall not entitle the proprietor to prohibit a third party from
using in the course of trade such signs or indications, provided
he uses them in accordance with honest practices in industrial or
commercial matters; in particular, such a mark may not be
invoked against a third party who is entitled to use a
geographical name.
3. The provisions of this Regulation shall apply to Community
collective marks, unless Articles 67 to 74 provide otherwise.

Article 67
Regulations governing use of the mark
1. An applicant for a Community collective mark must submit
regulations governing its use within the period prescribed.
2. The regulations governing use shall specify the persons
authorised to use the mark, the conditions of membership of the
association and, where they exist, the conditions of use of the
mark, including sanctions. The regulations governing use of a
mark referred to in Article 66(2) must authorise any person
whose goods or services originate in the geographical area
concerned to become a member of the association which is the
proprietor of the mark.

Article 68
Refusal of the application
1. In addition to the grounds for refusal of a Community trade
mark application provided for in Articles 36 and 37, an
application for a Community collective mark shall be refused
where the provisions of Articles 66 or 67 are not satisfied, or
where the regulations governing use are contrary to public policy
or to accepted principles of morality.
2. An application for a Community collective mark shall also
be refused if the public is liable to be misled as regards the
character or the significance of the mark, in particular if it is
likely to be taken to be something other than a collective mark.

24.3.2009

Use of marks
Use of a Community collective mark by any person who has
authority to use it shall satisfy the requirements of this
Regulation, provided that the other conditions which this
Regulation imposes with regard to the use of Community trade
marks are fulfilled.
Article 71
Amendment of the regulations governing use of the mark
1. The proprietor of a Community collective mark must
submit to the Office any amended regulations governing use.
2. The amendment shall not be mentioned in the Register if the
amended regulations do not satisfy the requirements of Article 67
or involve one of the grounds for refusal referred to in
Article 68.
3. Article 69 shall apply to amended regulations governing use.
4. For the purposes of applying this Regulation, amendments
to the regulations governing use shall take effect only from the
date of entry of the mention of the amendment in the Register.
Article 72
Persons who are entitled to bring an action for
infringement
1. The provisions of Article 22(3) and (4) concerning the rights
of licensees shall apply to every person who has authority to use
a Community collective mark.
2. The proprietor of a Community collective mark shall be
entitled to claim compensation on behalf of persons who have
authority to use the mark where they have sustained damage in
consequence of unauthorised use of the mark.
Article 73
Grounds for revocation
Apart from the grounds for revocation provided for in Article 51,
the rights of the proprietor of a Community collective mark shall
be revoked on application to the Office or on the basis of a
counterclaim in infringement proceedings, if:
(a)

the proprietor does not take reasonable steps to prevent the
mark being used in a manner incompatible with the
conditions of use, where these exist, laid down in the
regulations governing use, amendments to which have,
where appropriate, been mentioned in the Register;

(b)

the manner in which the mark has been used by the
proprietor has caused it to become liable to mislead the
public in the manner referred to in Article 68(2);

(c)

an amendment to the regulations governing use of the
mark has been mentioned in the Register in breach of the
provisions of Article 71(2), unless the proprietor of the
mark, by further amending the regulations governing use,
complies with the requirements of those provisions.

3. An application shall not be refused if the applicant, as a
result of amendment of the regulations governing use, meets the
requirements of paragraphs 1 and 2.

Article 69
Observations by third parties
Apart from the cases mentioned in Article 40, any person, group
or body referred to in that Article may submit to the Office
written observations based on the particular grounds on which
the application for a Community collective mark should be
refused under the terms of Article 68.

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Article 74

Article 78

Grounds for invalidity

Taking of evidence

Apart from the grounds for invalidity provided for in Articles 52
and 53, a Community collective mark which is registered in
breach of the provisions of Article 68 shall be declared invalid on
application to the Office or on the basis of a counterclaim in
infringement proceedings, unless the proprietor of the mark, by
amending the regulations governing use, complies with the
requirements of those provisions.

1. In any proceedings before the Office, the means of giving or
obtaining evidence shall include the following:
(a)

hearing the parties;

(b)

requests for information;

(c)

the production of documents and items of evidence;

(d)

hearing witnesses;

(e)

opinions by experts;

(f)

statements in writing sworn or affirmed or having a similar
effect under the law of the State in which the statement is
drawn up.

TITLE IX
PROCEDURE

SECTION 1

General provisions

Article 75
Statement of reasons on which decisions are based

2. The relevant department may commission one of its
members to examine the evidence adduced.

Decisions of the Office shall state the reasons on which they are
based. They shall be based only on reasons or evidence on which
the parties concerned have had on opportunity to present their
comments.

3. If the Office considers it necessary for a party, witness or
expert to give evidence orally, it shall issue a summons to the
person concerned to appear before it.

Article 76

4. The parties shall be informed of the hearing of a witness or
expert before the Office. They shall have the right to be present
and to put questions to the witness or expert.

Examination of the facts by the Office of its own motion
1. In proceedings before it the Office shall examine the facts of
its own motion; however, in proceedings relating to relative
grounds for refusal of registration, the Office shall be restricted in
this examination to the facts, evidence and arguments provided
by the parties and the relief sought.
2. The Office may disregard facts or evidence which are not
submitted in due time by the parties concerned.

Article 79
Notification
The Office shall, as a matter of course, notify those concerned of
decisions and summonses and of any notice or other communication from which a time limit is reckoned, or of which those
concerned must be notified under other provisions of this
Regulation or of the Implementing Regulation, or of which
notification has been ordered by the President of the Office.

Article 77
Oral proceedings

Article 80

1. If the Office considers that oral proceedings would be
expedient they shall be held either at the instance of the Office or
at the request of any party to the proceedings.

Revocation of decisions

2. Oral proceedings before the examiners, the Opposition
Division and the Administration of Trade Marks and Legal
Division shall not be public.
3. Oral proceedings, including delivery of the decision, shall be
public before the Cancellation Division and the Boards of
Appeal, in so far as the department before which the proceedings
are taking place does not decide otherwise in cases where
admission of the public could have serious and unjustified
disadvantages, in particular for a party to the proceedings.

1. Where the Office has made an entry in the Register or taken
a decision which contains an obvious procedural error
attributable to the Office, it shall ensure that the entry is
cancelled or the decision is revoked. Where there is only one
party to the proceedings and the entry or the act affects its rights,
cancellation or revocation shall be determined even if the error
was not evident to the party.
2. Cancellation or revocation as referred to in paragraph 1 shall
be determined, ex officio or at the request of one of the parties to
the proceedings, by the department which made the entry or
took the decision. Cancellation or revocation shall be determined

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within six months from the date on which the entry was made in
the Register or the decision was taken, after consultation with the
parties to the proceedings and any proprietor of rights to the
Community trade mark in question that are entered in the
Register.
3. This Article shall be without prejudice to the right of the
parties to submit an appeal under Articles 58 and 65, or to the
possibility, under the procedures and conditions laid down by
the Implementing Regulation, of correcting any linguistic errors
or errors of transcription and obvious errors in the Office's
decisions or errors attributable to the Office in registering the
trade mark or in publishing its registration.

Article 81
Restitutio in integrum
1. The applicant for or proprietor of a Community trade mark
or any other party to proceedings before the Office who, in spite
of all due care required by the circumstances having been taken,
was unable to comply with a time limit vis-à-vis the Office shall,
upon application, have his rights re-established if the obstacle to
compliance has the direct consequence, by virtue of the
provisions of this Regulation, of causing the loss of any right
or means of redress.
2. The application must be filed in writing within two months
from the removal of the obstacle to compliance with the time
limit. The omitted act must be completed within this period. The
application shall only be admissible within the year immediately
following the expiry of the unobserved time limit. In the case of
non-submission of the request for renewal of registration or of
non-payment of a renewal fee, the further period of six months
provided in Article 47(3), third sentence, shall be deducted from
the period of one year.
3. The application must state the grounds on which it is based
and must set out the facts on which it relies. It shall not be
deemed to be filed until the fee for re-establishment of rights has
been paid.
4. The department competent to decide on the omitted act
shall decide upon the application.
5. This Article shall not be applicable to the time limits referred
to in paragraph 2 of this Article, Article 41(1) and (3) and
Article 82.
6. Where the applicant for or proprietor of a Community trade
mark has his rights re-established, he may not invoke his rights
vis-à-vis a third party who, in good faith, has put goods on the
market or supplied services under a sign which is identical with,
or similar to, the Community trade mark in the course of the
period between the loss of rights in the application or in the
Community trade mark and publication of the mention of reestablishment of those rights.
7. A third party who may avail himself of the provisions of
paragraph 6 may bring third party proceedings against the
decision re-establishing the rights of the applicant for or
proprietor of a Community trade mark within a period of two

24.3.2009

months as from the date of publication of the mention of reestablishment of those rights.
8. Nothing in this Article shall limit the right of a Member
State to grant restitutio in integrum in respect of time limits
provided for in this Regulation and to be observed vis-à-vis the
authorities of such State.
Article 82
Continuation of proceedings
1. An applicant for or proprietor of a Community trade mark
or any other party to proceedings before the Office who has
omitted to observe a time limit vis-à-vis the Office may, upon
request, obtain the continuation of proceedings, provided that at
the time the request is made the omitted act has been carried out.
The request for continuation of proceedings shall be admissible
only if it is presented within two months following the expiry of
the unobserved time limit. The request shall not be deemed to
have been filed until the fee for continuation of the proceedings
has been paid.
2. This Article shall not be applicable to the time limits laid
down in Article 25(3), Article 27, Article 29(1), Article 33(1),
Article 36(2), Article 41, Article 42, Article 47(3), Article 60,
Article 62, Article 65(5), Article 81, Article 112, or to the time
limits laid down in this Article or the time limits laid down by
the Implementing Regulation for claiming, after the application
has been filed, priority within the meaning of Article 30,
exhibition priority within the meaning of Article 33 or seniority
within the meaning of Article 34.
3. The department competent to decide on the omitted act
shall decide upon the application.
4. If the Office accepts the application, the consequences of
having failed to observe the time limit shall be deemed not to
have occurred.
5. If the Office rejects the application, the fee shall be refunded.
Article 83
Reference to general principles
In the absence of procedural provisions in this Regulation, the
Implementing Regulation, the fees regulations or the rules of
procedure of the Boards of Appeal, the Office shall take into
account the principles of procedural law generally recognised in
the Member States.
Article 84
Termination of financial obligations
1. Rights of the Office to the payment of a fee shall be
extinguished after four years from the end of the calendar year in
which the fee fell due.
2. Rights against the Office for the refunding of fees or sums of
money paid in excess of a fee shall be extinguished after four
years from the end of the calendar year in which the right arose.

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3. The period laid down in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be
interrupted, in the case covered by paragraph 1, by a request for
payment of the fee, and in the case covered by paragraph 2, by a
reasoned claim in writing. On interruption it shall begin again
immediately and shall end at the latest six years after the end of
the year in which it originally began, unless, in the meantime,
judicial proceedings to enforce the right have begun; in this case
the period shall end at the earliest one year after the judgment
has acquired the authority of a final decision.

SECTION 2

Costs

Article 85
Costs
1. The losing party in opposition proceedings, proceedings for
revocation, proceedings for a declaration of invalidity or appeal
proceedings shall bear the fees incurred by the other party as
well as all costs, without prejudice to Article 119(6), incurred by
him essential to the proceedings, including travel and subsistence
and the remuneration of an agent, adviser or advocate, within the
limits of the scales set for each category of costs under the
conditions laid down in the Implementing Regulation.

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Article 86

Enforcement of decisions fixing the amount of costs
1. Any final decision of the Office fixing the amount of costs
shall be enforceable.
2. Enforcement shall be governed by the rules of civil
procedure in force in the State in the territory of which it is
carried out. The order for its enforcement shall be appended to
the decision, without other formality than verification of the
authenticity of the decision, by the national authority which the
Government of each Member State shall designate for this
purpose and shall make known to the Office and to the Court of
Justice.
3. When these formalities have been completed on application
by the party concerned, the latter may proceed to enforcement in
accordance with the national law, by bringing the matter directly
before the competent authority.
4. Enforcement may be suspended only by a decision of the
Court of Justice. However, the courts of the country concerned
shall have jurisdiction over complaints that enforcement is being
carried out in an irregular manner.

SECTION 3

2. However, where each party succeeds on some and fails on
other heads, or if reasons of equity so dictate, the Opposition
Division, Cancellation Division or Board of Appeal shall decide a
different apportionment of costs.

Information which may be made available to the public and of
the authorities of the Member States

3. The party who terminates the proceedings by withdrawing
the Community trade mark application, the opposition, the
application for revocation of rights, the application for a
declaration of invalidity or the appeal, or by not renewing
registration of the Community trade mark or by surrendering the
Community trade mark, shall bear the fees and the costs incurred
by the other party as stipulated in paragraphs 1 and 2.

Register of Community trade marks

4. Where a case does not proceed to judgment the costs shall
be at the discretion of the Opposition Division, Cancellation
Division or Board of Appeal.
5. Where the parties conclude before the Opposition Division,
Cancellation Division or Board of Appeal a settlement of costs
differing from that provided for in the preceding paragraphs, the
department concerned shall take note of that agreement.
6. The Opposition Division or Cancellation Division or Board
of Appeal shall fix the amount of the costs to be paid pursuant to
the preceding paragraphs when the costs to be paid are limited to
the fees paid to the Office and the representation costs. In all
other cases, the registry of the Board of Appeal or a member of
the staff of the Opposition Division or Cancellation Division
shall fix the amount of the costs to be reimbursed on request.
The request is admissible only within two months of the date on
which the decision for which an application was made for the
costs to be fixed became final. The amount so determined may
be reviewed by a decision of the Opposition Division or
Cancellation Division or Board of Appeal on a request filed
within the prescribed period.

Article 87

The Office shall keep a register to be known as the Register of
Community trade marks, which shall contain those particulars
the registration or inclusion of which is provided for by this
Regulation or by the Implementing Regulation. The Register shall
be open to public inspection.
Article 88
Inspection of files
1. The files relating to Community trade mark applications
which have not yet been published shall not be made available
for inspection without the consent of the applicant.
2. Any person who can prove that the applicant for a
Community trade mark has stated that after the trade mark
has been registered he will invoke the rights under it against him
may obtain inspection of the files prior to the publication of that
application and without the consent of the applicant.
3. Subsequent to the publication of the Community trade mark
application, the files relating to such application and the resulting
trade mark may be inspected on request.
4. However, where the files are inspected pursuant to
paragraphs 2 or 3, certain documents in the file may be
withheld from inspection in accordance with the provisions of
the Implementing Regulation.

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Article 89
Periodical publications

The Office shall periodically publish:
(a)

(b)

a Community Trade Marks Bulletin containing entries made
in the Register of Community trade marks as well as other
particulars the publication of which is prescribed by this
Regulation or by the Implementing Regulation;

Office by an employee. An employee of a legal person to which
this paragraph applies may also represent other legal persons
which have economic connections with the first legal person,
even if those other legal persons have neither their domicile nor
their principal place of business nor a real and effective industrial
or commercial establishment within the Community.
4. The Implementing Regulation shall specify whether and
under what conditions an employee must file with the Office a
signed authorisation for insertion on the file.

an Official Journal containing notices and information of a
general character issued by the President of the Office, as
well as any other information relevant to this Regulation or
its implementation.
Article 90

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Article 93
Professional representatives
1. Representation of natural or legal persons before the Office
may only be undertaken by:

Administrative cooperation
Unless otherwise provided in this Regulation or in national laws,
the Office and the courts or authorities of the Member States
shall on request give assistance to each other by communicating
information or opening files for inspection. Where the Office
lays files open to inspection by courts, Public Prosecutors' Offices
or central industrial property offices, the inspection shall not be
subject to the restrictions laid down in Article 88.

(a)

any legal practitioner qualified in one of the Member States
and having his place of business within the Community, to
the extent that he is entitled, within the said State, to act as
a representative in trade mark matters;

(b)

professional representatives whose names appear on the list
maintained for this purpose by the Office. The Implementing Regulation shall specify whether and under what
conditions the representatives before the Office must file
with the Office a signed authorisation for insertion on the
file.

Article 91
Exchange of publications
1. The Office and the central industrial property offices of the
Member States shall despatch to each other on request and for
their own use one or more copies of their respective publications
free of charge.
2. The Office may conclude agreements relating to the
exchange or supply of publications.

Representatives acting before the Office must file with it a signed
authorisation for insertion on the files, the details of which are
set out in the Implementing Regulation.
2. Any natural person who fulfils the following conditions may
be entered on the list of professional representatives:
(a)

he must be a national of one of the Member States;

(b)

he must have his place of business or employment in the
Community;

(c)

he must be entitled to represent natural or legal persons in
trade mark matters before the central industrial property
office of a Member State. Where, in that State, the
entitlement is not conditional upon the requirement of
special professional qualifications, persons applying to be
entered on the list who act in trade mark matters before the
central industrial property office of the said State must have
habitually so acted for at least five years. However, persons
whose professional qualification to represent natural or
legal persons in trade mark matters before the central
industrial property office of one of the Member States is
officially recognised in accordance with the regulations laid
down by such State shall not be subject to the condition of
having exercised the profession.

SECTION 4

Representation
Article 92
General principles of representation
1. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2, no person shall be
compelled to be represented before the Office.
2. Without prejudice to paragraph 3, second sentence, natural
or legal persons not having either their domicile or their
principal place of business or a real and effective industrial or
commercial establishment in the Community must be represented before the Office in accordance with Article 93(1) in all
proceedings established by this Regulation, other than in filing
an application for a Community trade mark; the Implementing
Regulation may permit other exceptions.
3. Natural or legal persons having their domicile or principal
place of business or a real and effective industrial or commercial
establishment in the Community may be represented before the

3. Entry shall be effected upon request, accompanied by a
certificate furnished by the central industrial property office of
the Member State concerned, which must indicate that the
conditions laid down in paragraph 2 are fulfilled.

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4. The President of the Office may grant exemption from:
(a)

(b)

the requirement of paragraph 2(c), second sentence, if the
applicant furnishes proof that he has acquired the requisite
qualification in another way;
the requirement of paragraph 2(a) in special circumstances.

5. The conditions under which a person may be removed from
the list of professional representatives shall be laid down in the
Implementing Regulation.

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first and second instance, hereinafter referred to as ‘Community
trade mark courts’, which shall perform the functions assigned to
them by this Regulation.
2. Each Member State shall communicate to the Commission
within three years of the entry into force of Regulation (EC)
No 40/94 a list of Community trade mark courts indicating their
names and their territorial jurisdiction.
3. Any change made after communication of the list referred to
in paragraph 2 in the number, names or territorial jurisdiction of
the courts shall be notified without delay by the Member State
concerned to the Commission.

TITLE X
JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE IN LEGAL ACTIONS
RELATING TO COMMUNITY TRADE MARKS

SECTION 1

Application of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001
Article 94
Application of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001
1. Unless otherwise specified in this Regulation, Regulation
(EC) No 44/2001 shall apply to proceedings relating to
Community trade marks and applications for Community trade
marks, as well as to proceedings relating to simultaneous and
successive actions on the basis of Community trade marks and
national trade marks.
2. In the case of proceedings in respect of the actions and
claims referred to in Article 96:

4. The information referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3 shall be
notified by the Commission to the Member States and published
in the Official Journal of the European Union.
5. As long as a Member State has not communicated the list as
stipulated in paragraph 2, jurisdiction for any proceedings
resulting from an action or application covered by Article 96,
and for which the courts of that State have jurisdiction under
Article 97, shall lie with that court of the State in question which
would have jurisdiction ratione loci and ratione materiae in the case
of proceedings relating to a national trade mark registered in that
State.

Article 96
Jurisdiction over infringement and validity
The Community trade mark courts shall have exclusive
jurisdiction:

Articles 23 and 24 of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 shall
apply subject to the limitations in Article 97(4) of this
Regulation;

(c)

the provisions of Chapter II of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001
which are applicable to persons domiciled in a Member
State shall also be applicable to persons who do not have a
domicile in any Member State but have an establishment
therein.

(b)

for actions for declaration of non-infringement, if they are
permitted under national law;
for all actions brought as a result of acts referred to in
Article 9(3), second sentence;

(d)

for counterclaims for revocation or for a declaration of
invalidity of the Community trade mark pursuant to
Article 100.

Articles 2 and 4, points 1, 3, 4 and 5 of Article 5 and
Article 31 of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 shall not apply;

(b)

for all infringement actions and — if they are permitted
under national law — actions in respect of threatened
infringement relating to Community trade marks;

(c)

(a)

(a)

SECTION 2

Disputes concerning the infringement and validity of
Community trade marks
Article 95
Community trade mark courts
1. The Member States shall designate in their territories as
limited a number as possible of national courts and tribunals of

Article 97
International jurisdiction
1. Subject to the provisions of this Regulation as well as to any
provisions of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 applicable by virtue
of Article 94, proceedings in respect of the actions and claims
referred to in Article 96 shall be brought in the courts of the
Member State in which the defendant is domiciled or, if he is not
domiciled in any of the Member States, in which he has an
establishment.

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2. If the defendant is neither domiciled nor has an establishment in any of the Member States, such proceedings shall be
brought in the courts of the Member State in which the plaintiff
is domiciled or, if he is not domiciled in any of the Member
States, in which he has an establishment.

admissible in so far as the defendant claims that the rights of the
proprietor of the Community trade mark could be revoked for
lack of use or that the Community trade mark could be declared
invalid on account of an earlier right of the defendant.

3. If neither the defendant nor the plaintiff is so domiciled or
has such an establishment, such proceedings shall be brought in
the courts of the Member State where the Office has its seat.

Article 100

4. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3:
(a)

(b)

Article 23 of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 shall apply if the
parties agree that a different Community trade mark court
shall have jurisdiction;
Article 24 of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 shall apply if the
defendant enters an appearance before a different Community trade mark court.

5. Proceedings in respect of the actions and claims referred to
in Article 96, with the exception of actions for a declaration of
non-infringement of a Community trade mark, may also be
brought in the courts of the Member State in which the act of
infringement has been committed or threatened, or in which an
act within the meaning of Article 9(3), second sentence, has been
committed.

Article 98
Extent of jurisdiction
1. A Community trade mark court whose jurisdiction is based
on Article 97(1) to (4) shall have jurisdiction in respect of:
(a)

acts of infringement committed or threatened within the
territory of any of the Member States;

(b)

acts within the meaning of Article 9(3), second sentence,
committed within the territory of any of the Member States.

2. A Community trade mark court whose jurisdiction is based
on Article 97(5) shall have jurisdiction only in respect of acts
committed or threatened within the territory of the Member
State in which that court is situated.

Article 99
Presumption of validity — Defence as to the merits

Counterclaims
1. A counterclaim for revocation or for a declaration of
invalidity may only be based on the grounds for revocation or
invalidity mentioned in this Regulation.
2. A Community trade mark court shall reject a counterclaim
for revocation or for a declaration of invalidity if a decision taken
by the Office relating to the same subject matter and cause of
action and involving the same parties has already become final.
3. If the counterclaim is brought in a legal action to which the
proprietor of the trade mark is not already a party, he shall be
informed thereof and may be joined as a party to the action in
accordance with the conditions set out in national law.
4. The Community trade mark court with which a counterclaim for revocation or for a declaration of invalidity of the
Community trade mark has been filed shall inform the Office of
the date on which the counterclaim was filed. The latter shall
record this fact in the Register of Community trade marks.
5. Article 57(2) to (5) shall apply.
6. Where a Community trade mark court has given a judgment
which has become final on a counterclaim for revocation or for
invalidity of a Community trade mark, a copy of the judgment
shall be sent to the Office. Any party may request information
about such transmission. The Office shall mention the judgment
in the Register of Community trade marks in accordance with
the provisions of the Implementing Regulation.
7. The Community trade mark court hearing a counterclaim
for revocation or for a declaration of invalidity may stay the
proceedings on application by the proprietor of the Community
trade mark and after hearing the other parties and may request
the defendant to submit an application for revocation or for a
declaration of invalidity to the Office within a time limit which it
shall determine. If the application is not made within the time
limit, the proceedings shall continue; the counterclaim shall be
deemed withdrawn. Article 104(3) shall apply.

1. The Community trade mark courts shall treat the Community trade mark as valid unless its validity is put in issue by the
defendant with a counterclaim for revocation or for a declaration
of invalidity.

Applicable law

2. The validity of a Community trade mark may not be put in
issue in an action for a declaration of non-infringement.

1. The Community trade mark courts shall apply the
provisions of this Regulation.

3. In the actions referred to in Article 96(a) and (c) a plea
relating to revocation or invalidity of the Community trade mark
submitted otherwise than by way of a counterclaim shall be

2. On all matters not covered by this Regulation a Community
trade mark court shall apply its national law, including its private
international law.

Article 101

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3. Unless otherwise provided in this Regulation, a Community
trade mark court shall apply the rules of procedure governing the
same type of action relating to a national trade mark in the
Member State in which the court is located.

Article 102
Sanctions
1. Where a Community trade mark court finds that the
defendant has infringed or threatened to infringe a Community
trade mark, it shall, unless there are special reasons for not doing
so, issue an order prohibiting the defendant from proceeding
with the acts which infringed or would infringe the Community
trade mark. It shall also take such measures in accordance with
its national law as are aimed at ensuring that this prohibition is
complied with.
2. In all other respects the Community trade mark court shall
apply the law of the Member State in which the acts of
infringement or threatened infringement were committed,
including the private international law.

Article 103
Provisional and protective measures
1. Application may be made to the courts of a Member State,
including Community trade mark courts, for such provisional,
including protective, measures in respect of a Community trade
mark or Community trade mark application as may be available
under the law of that State in respect of a national trade mark,
even if, under this Regulation, a Community trade mark court of
another Member State has jurisdiction as to the substance of the
matter.
2. A Community trade mark court whose jurisdiction is based
on Article 97(1), (2), (3) or (4) shall have jurisdiction to grant
provisional and protective measures which, subject to any
necessary procedure for recognition and enforcement pursuant
to Title III of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001, are applicable in the
territory of any Member State. No other court shall have such
jurisdiction.

Article 104
Specific rules on related actions
1. A Community trade mark court hearing an action referred
to in Article 96, other than an action for a declaration of noninfringement shall, unless there are special grounds for
continuing the hearing, of its own motion after hearing the
parties or at the request of one of the parties and after hearing
the other parties, stay the proceedings where the validity of the
Community trade mark is already in issue before another
Community trade mark court on account of a counterclaim or
where an application for revocation or for a declaration of
invalidity has already been filed at the Office.
2. The Office, when hearing an application for revocation or
for a declaration of invalidity shall, unless there are special
grounds for continuing the hearing, of its own motion after

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hearing the parties or at the request of one of the parties and
after hearing the other parties, stay the proceedings where the
validity of the Community trade mark is already in issue on
account of a counterclaim before a Community trade mark
court. However, if one of the parties to the proceedings before
the Community trade mark court so requests, the court may,
after hearing the other parties to these proceedings, stay the
proceedings. The Office shall in this instance continue the
proceedings pending before it.
3. Where the Community trade mark court stays the
proceedings it may order provisional and protective measures
for the duration of the stay.

Article 105
Jurisdiction of Community trade mark courts of second
instance — Further appeal
1. An appeal to the Community trade mark courts of second
instance shall lie from judgments of the Community trade mark
courts of first instance in respect of proceedings arising from the
actions and claims referred to in Article 96.
2. The conditions under which an appeal may be lodged with a
Community trade mark court of second instance shall be
determined by the national law of the Member State in which
that court is located.
3. The national rules concerning further appeal shall be
applicable in respect of judgments of Community trade mark
courts of second instance.

SECTION 3

Other disputes concerning Community trade marks

Article 106
Supplementary provisions on the jurisdiction of national
courts other than Community trade mark courts
1. Within the Member State whose courts have jurisdiction
under Article 94(1) those courts shall have jurisdiction for
actions other than those referred to in Article 96, which would
have jurisdiction ratione loci and ratione materiae in the case of
actions relating to a national trade mark registered in that State.
2. Actions relating to a Community trade mark, other than
those referred to in Article 96, for which no court has
jurisdiction under Article 94(1) and paragraph 1 of this Article
may be heard before the courts of the Member State in which the
Office has its seat.

Article 107
Obligation of the national court
A national court which is dealing with an action relating to a
Community trade mark, other than the action referred to in
Article 96, shall treat the trade mark as valid.

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SECTION 4

SECTION 2

Transitional provision

Application of national laws for the purpose of prohibiting the
use of Community trade marks

Article 108
Transitional provision relating to the application of the
Convention on Jurisdiction and Enforcement
The provisions of Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 which are
rendered applicable by the preceding Articles shall have effect in
respect of any Member State solely in the text of the Regulation
which is in force in respect of that State at any given time.

TITLE XI
EFFECTS ON THE LAWS OF THE MEMBER STATES

SECTION 1

Civil actions on the basis of more than one trade mark

Article 109
Simultaneous and successive civil actions on the basis of
Community trade marks and national trade marks
1. Where actions for infringement involving the same cause of
action and between the same parties are brought in the courts of
different Member States, one seized on the basis of a Community
trade mark and the other seized on the basis of a national trade
mark:
(a)

(b)

the court other than the court first seized shall of its own
motion decline jurisdiction in favour of that court where
the trade marks concerned are identical and valid for
identical goods or services. The court which would be
required to decline jurisdiction may stay its proceedings if
the jurisdiction of the other court is contested;
the court other than the court first seized may stay its
proceedings where the trade marks concerned are identical
and valid for similar goods or services and where the trade
marks concerned are similar and valid for identical or
similar goods or services.

2. The court hearing an action for infringement on the basis of
a Community trade mark shall reject the action if a final
judgment on the merits has been given on the same cause of
action and between the same parties on the basis of an identical
national trade mark valid for identical goods or services.
3. The court hearing an action for infringement on the basis of
a national trade mark shall reject the action if a final judgment on
the merits has been given on the same cause of action and
between the same parties on the basis of an identical Community
trade mark valid for identical goods or services.
4. Paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall not apply in respect of
provisional, including protective, measures.

Article 110
Prohibition of use of Community trade marks
1. This Regulation shall, unless otherwise provided for, not
affect the right existing under the laws of the Member States to
invoke claims for infringement of earlier rights within the
meaning of Article 8 or Article 53(2) in relation to the use of a
later Community trade mark. Claims for infringement of earlier
rights within the meaning of Article 8(2) and (4) may, however,
no longer be invoked if the proprietor of the earlier right may no
longer apply for a declaration that the Community trade mark is
invalid in accordance with Article 54(2).
2. This Regulation shall, unless otherwise provided for, not
affect the right to bring proceedings under the civil, administrative or criminal law of a Member Sate or under provisions of
Community law for the purpose of prohibiting the use of a
Community trade mark to the extent that the use of a national
trade mark may be prohibited under the law of that Member
State or under Community law.

Article 111
Prior rights applicable to particular localities
1. The proprietor of an earlier right which only applies to a
particular locality may oppose the use of the Community trade
mark in the territory where his right is protected in so far as the
law of the Member State concerned so permits.
2. Paragraph 1 shall cease to apply if the proprietor of the
earlier right has acquiesced in the use of the Community trade
mark in the territory where his right is protected for a period of
five successive years, being aware of such use, unless the
Community trade mark was applied for in bad faith.
3. The proprietor of the Community trade mark shall not be
entitled to oppose use of the right referred to in paragraph 1
even though that right may no longer be invoked against the
Community trade mark.

SECTION 3

Conversion into a national trade mark application

Article 112
Request for the application of national procedure
1. The applicant for or proprietor of a Community trade mark
may request the conversion of his Community trade mark
application or Community trade mark into a national trade mark
application:

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(a)

to the extent that the Community trade mark application is
refused, withdrawn, or deemed to be withdrawn;

(b)

to the extent that the Community trade mark ceases to have
effect.

2. Conversion shall not take place:
(a)

(b)

where the rights of the proprietor of the Community trade
mark have been revoked on the grounds of non-use, unless
in the Member State for which conversion is requested the
Community trade mark has been put to use which would
be considered to be genuine use under the laws of that
Member State;
for the purpose of protection in a Member State in which,
in accordance with the decision of the Office or of the
national court, grounds for refusal of registration or
grounds for revocation or invalidity apply to the Community trade mark application or Community trade mark.

3. The national trade mark application resulting from the
conversion of a Community trade mark application or a
Community trade mark shall enjoy in respect of the Member
State concerned the date of filing or the date of priority of that
application or trade mark and, where appropriate, the seniority
of a trade mark of that State claimed under Articles 34 or 35.
4. In cases where a Community trade mark application is
deemed to be withdrawn, the Office shall send to the applicant a
communication fixing a period of three months from the date of
that communication in which a request for conversion may be
filed.

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2. If the Community trade mark application has been
published, receipt of any such request shall be recorded in the
Register of Community trade marks and the request for
conversion shall be published.
3. The Office shall check whether the conversion requested
fulfils the conditions set out in this Regulation, in particular
Article 112(1), (2), (4), (5) and (6), and paragraph 1 of this
Article, together with the formal conditions laid down in the
Implementing Regulation. If these conditions are fulfilled, the
Office shall transmit the request for conversion to the industrial
property offices of the Member States specified therein.

Article 114
Formal requirements for conversion
1. Any central industrial property office to which the request
for conversion is transmitted may obtain from the Office any
additional information concerning the request enabling that
office to make a decision regarding the national trade mark
resulting from the conversion.
2. A Community trade mark application or a Community trade
mark transmitted in accordance with Article 113 shall not be
subjected to formal requirements of national law which are
different from or additional to those provided for in this
Regulation or in the Implementing Regulation.
3. Any central industrial property office to which the request is
transmitted may require that the applicant shall, within not less
than two months:
(a)

5. Where the Community trade mark application is withdrawn
or the Community trade mark ceases to have effect as a result of
a surrender being recorded or of failure to renew the registration,
the request for conversion shall be filed within three months
after the date on which the Community trade mark application
has been withdrawn or on which the Community trade mark
ceases to have effect.
6. Where the Community trade mark application is refused by
decision of the Office or where the Community trade mark
ceases to have effect as a result of a decision of the Office or of a
Community trade mark court, the request for conversion shall be
filed within three months after the date on which that decision
acquired the authority of a final decision.
7. The effect referred to in Article 32 shall lapse if the request is
not filed in due time.

pay the national application fee;

(b)

file a translation in one of the official languages of the State
in question of the request and of the documents
accompanying it;

(c)

indicate an address for service in the State in question;

(d)

supply a representation of the trade mark in the number of
copies specified by the State in question.

TITLE XII
THE OFFICE

SECTION 1

Article 113

General provisions

Submission, publication and transmission of the request for
conversion
1. A request for conversion shall be filed with the Office and
shall specify the Member States in which application of the
procedure for registration of a national trade mark is desired. The
request shall not be deemed to be filed until the conversion fee
has been paid.

Article 115
Legal status
1. The Office shall be a body of the Community. It shall have
legal personality.

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2. In each of the Member States the Office shall enjoy the most
extensive legal capacity accorded to legal persons under their
laws; it may, in particular, acquire or dispose of movable and
immovable property and may be a party to legal proceedings.

3. The applicant must indicate a second language which shall
be a language of the Office the use of which he accepts as a
possible language of proceedings for opposition, revocation or
invalidity proceedings.

3. The Office shall be represented by its President.

If the application was filed in a language which is not one of the
languages of the Office, the Office shall arrange to have the
application, as described in Article 26(1), translated into the
language indicated by the applicant.

Article 116
Staff
1. The Staff Regulations of officials of the European Communities, hereinafter referred to as ‘the Staff Regulations’, the
Conditions of Employment of other servants of the European
Communities, and the rules adopted by agreement between the
Institutions of the European Communities for giving effect to
those Staff Regulations and Conditions of Employment shall
apply to the staff of the Office, without prejudice to the
application of Article 136 to the members of the Boards of
Appeal.
2. Without prejudice to Article 125, the powers conferred on
each Institution by the Staff Regulations and by the Conditions of
Employment of other servants shall be exercised by the Office in
respect of its staff.
Article 117
Privileges and immunities
The Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European
Communities shall apply to the Office.
Article 118
Liability
1. The contractual liability of the Office shall be governed by
the law applicable to the contract in question.
2. The Court of Justice shall be competent to give judgment
pursuant to any arbitration clause contained in a contract
concluded by the Office.
3. In the case of non-contractual liability, the Office shall, in
accordance with the general principles common to the laws of
the Member States, make good any damage caused by its
departments or by its servants in the performance of their duties.
4. The Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction in disputes
relating to compensation for the damage referred to in
paragraph 3.
5. The personal liability of its servants towards the Office shall
be governed by the provisions laid down in their Staff
Regulations or in the Conditions of Employment applicable to
them.
Article 119
Languages
1. The application for a Community trade mark shall be filed in
one of the official languages of the European Community.
2. The languages of the Office shall be English, French,
German, Italian and Spanish.

4. Where the applicant for a Community trade mark is the sole
party to proceedings before the Office, the language of
proceedings shall be the language used for filing the application
for a Community trade mark. If the application was made in a
language other than the languages of the Office, the Office may
send written communications to the applicant in the second
language indicated by the applicant in his application.
5. The notice of opposition and an application for revocation
or invalidity shall be filed in one of the languages of the Office.
6. If the language chosen, in accordance with paragraph 5, for
the notice of opposition or the application for revocation or
invalidity is the language of the application for a trade mark or
the second language indicated when the application was filed,
that language shall be the language of the proceedings.
If the language chosen, in accordance with paragraph 5, for the
notice of opposition or the application for revocation or
invalidity is neither the language of the application for a trade
mark nor the second language indicated when the application
was filed, the opposing party or the party seeking revocation or
invalidity shall be required to produce, at his own expense, a
translation of his application either into the language of the
application for a trade mark, provided that it is a language of the
Office, or into the second language indicated when the
application was filed. The translation shall be produced within
the period prescribed in the Implementing Regulation. The
language into which the application has been translated shall
then become the language of the proceedings.
7. Parties to opposition, revocation, invalidity or appeal
proceedings may agree that a different official language of the
European Community is to be the language of the proceedings.
Article 120
Publication and entries in the Register
1. An application for a Community trade mark, as described in
Article 26(1), and all other information the publication of which
is prescribed by this Regulation or the Implementing Regulation,
shall be published in all the official languages of the European
Community.
2. All entries in the Register of Community trade marks shall
be made in all the official languages of the European Community.
3. In cases of doubt, the text in the language of the Office in
which the application for the Community trade mark was filed
shall be authentic. If the application was filed in an official
language of the European Community other than one of the
languages of the Office, the text in the second language indicated
by the applicant shall be authentic.

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Article 121

The translation services required for the functioning of the Office
shall be provided by the Translation Centre for the Bodies of the
European Union.

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2. To this end the President shall have in particular the
following functions and powers:

(a)

he shall take all necessary steps, including the adoption of
internal administrative instructions and the publication of
notices, to ensure the functioning of the Office;

(b)

he may place before the Commission any proposal to
amend this Regulation, the Implementing Regulation, the
rules of procedure of the Boards of Appeal, the fees
regulations and any other rules applying to Community
trade marks after consulting the Administrative Board and,
in the case of the fees regulations and the budgetary
provisions of this Regulation, the Budget Committee;

(c)

he shall draw up the estimates of the revenue and
expenditure of the Office and shall implement the budget;

(d)

he shall submit a management report to the Commission,
the European Parliament and the Administrative Board each
year;

(e)

he shall exercise in respect of the staff the powers laid down
in Article 116(2);

(f)

he may delegate his powers.

Article 122
Control of legality
1. The Commission shall check the legality of those acts of the
President of the Office in respect of which Community law does
not provide for any check on legality by another body and of acts
of the Budget Committee attached to the Office pursuant to
Article 138.
2. It shall require that any unlawful acts as referred to in
paragraph 1 be altered or annulled.
3. Member States and any person directly and individually
concerned may refer to the Commission any act as referred to in
paragraph 1, whether express or implied, for the Commission to
examine the legality of that act. Referral shall be made to the
Commission within one month of the day on which the party
concerned first became aware of the act in question. The
Commission shall take a decision within three months. If no
decision has been taken within this period, the case shall be
deemed to have been dismissed.

Article 123
Access to documents
1. Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to
European Parliament, Council and Commission documents (1)
shall apply to documents held by the Office.

3. The President shall be assisted by one or more VicePresidents. If the President is absent or indisposed, the VicePresident or one of the Vice-Presidents shall take his place in
accordance with the procedure laid down by the Administrative
Board.

2. The Administrative Board shall adopt the practical arrangements for Implementing Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 with
regard to this Regulation.

Article 125

3. Decisions taken by the Office pursuant to Article 8 of
Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 may give rise to the lodging of a
complaint to the Ombudsman or form the subject of an action
before the Court of Justice, under the conditions laid down in
Articles 195 and 230 of the Treaty respectively.

SECTION 2

Management of the Office

Article 124
Powers of the President

Appointment of senior officials
1. The President of the Office shall be appointed by the Council
from a list of at most three candidates, which shall be prepared
by the Administrative Board. Power to dismiss the President shall
lie with the Council, acting on a proposal from the
Administrative Board.

2. The term of office of the President shall not exceed five
years. This term of office shall be renewable.

3. The Vice-President or Vice-Presidents of the Office shall be
appointed or dismissed as in paragraph 1, after consultation of
the President.

1. The Office shall be managed by the President.
(1) OJ L 145, 31.5.2001, p. 43.

4. The Council shall exercise disciplinary authority over the
officials referred to in paragraphs 1 and 3.

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Administrative Board

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chairman or at the request of the Commission or of one-third of
the Member States.
4. The Administrative Board shall adopt rules of procedure.

Article 126
Creation and powers
1. An Administrative Board is hereby set up, attached to the
Office. Without prejudice to the powers attributed to the Budget
Committee in Section 5 — budget and financial control — the
Administrative Board shall have the powers defined below.
2. The Administrative Board shall draw up the lists of
candidates provided for in Article 125.
3. It shall advise the President on matters for which the Office
is responsible.

5. The Administrative Board shall take its decisions by a simple
majority of the representatives of the Member States. However, a
majority of three-quarters of the representatives of the Member
States shall be required for the decisions which the Administrative Board is empowered to take under Article 125(1) and (3).
In both cases each Member State shall have one vote.
6. The Administrative Board may invite observers to attend its
meetings.
7. The Secretariat for the Administrative Board shall be
provided by the Office.

4. It shall be consulted before adoption of the guidelines for
examination in the Office and in the other cases provided for in
this Regulation.

SECTION 4

Implementation of procedures

5. It may deliver opinions and requests for information to the
President and to the Commission where it considers that this is
necessary.
Article 127
Composition
1. The Administrative Board shall be composed of one
representative of each Member State and one representative of
the Commission and their alternates.
2. The members of the Administrative Board may, subject to
the provisions of its rules of procedure, be assisted by advisers or
experts.
Article 128
Chairmanship
1. The Administrative Board shall elect a chairman and a
deputy chairman from among its members. The deputy chairman shall ex officio replace the chairman in the event of his being
prevented from attending to his duties.
2. The duration of the terms of office of the chairman and the
deputy chairman shall be three years. The terms of office shall be
renewable.
Article 129
Meetings
1. Meetings of the Administrative Board shall be convened by
its chairman.
2. The President of the Office shall take part in the
deliberations, unless the Administrative Board decides otherwise.
3. The Administrative Board shall hold an ordinary meeting
once a year; in addition, it shall meet on the initiative of its

Article 130
Competence
For taking decisions in connection with the procedures laid
down in this Regulation, the following shall be competent:
(a)

examiners;

(b)

Opposition Divisions;

(c)

an Administration of Trade Marks and Legal Division;

(d)

Cancellation Divisions;

(e)

Boards of Appeal.
Article 131
Examiners

An examiner shall be responsible for taking decisions on behalf
of the Office in relation to an application for registration of a
Community trade mark, including the matters referred to in
Articles 36, 37 and 68, except in so far as an Opposition
Division is responsible.
Article 132
Opposition Divisions
1. An Opposition Division shall be responsible for taking
decisions on an opposition to an application to register a
Community trade mark.
2. The decisions of the Opposition Divisions shall be taken by
three-member groups. At least one member shall be legally
qualified. In certain specific cases provided for in the
Implementing Regulation, the decisions shall be taken by a
single member.

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Article 133

Administration of Trade Marks and Legal Division
1. The Administration of Trade Marks and Legal Division shall
be responsible for those decisions required by this Regulation
which do not fall within the competence of an examiner, an
Opposition Division or a Cancellation Division. It shall in
particular be responsible for decisions in respect of entries in the
Register of Community trade marks.
2. It shall also be responsible for keeping the list of professional
representatives which is referred to in Article 93.

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4. The composition of the enlarged Board and the rules on
referrals to it shall be laid down pursuant to the rules of
procedure of the Boards referred to in Article 162(3).
5. To determine which specific cases fall under the authority of
a single member, account should be taken of the lack of difficulty
of the legal or factual matters raised, the limited importance of
the individual case or the absence of other specific circumstances.
The decision to confer a case on one member in the cases
referred to shall be adopted by the Board handling the case.
Further details shall be laid down in the rules of procedure of the
Boards referred to in Article 162(3).

Article 136

3. A decision of the Division shall be taken by one member.

Independence of the members of the Boards of Appeal
Article 134
Cancellation Divisions
1. A Cancellation Division shall be responsible for taking
decisions in relation to an application for the revocation or
declaration of invalidity of a Community trade mark.
2. The decisions of the Cancellation Divisions shall be taken by
three-member groups. At least one member shall be legally
qualified. In certain specific cases provided for in the
Implementing Regulation, the decisions shall be taken by a
single member.

1. The President of the Boards of Appeal and the chairmen of
the Boards shall be appointed, in accordance with the procedure
laid down in Article 125 for the appointment of the President of
the Office, for a term of five years. They may not be removed
from office during this term, unless there are serious grounds for
such removal and the Court of Justice, on application by the
institution which appointed them, takes a decision to this effect.
The term of office of the President of the Boards of Appeal and
the chairmen of the Boards may be renewed for additional fiveyear periods, or until retirement age if this age is reached during
the new term of office.
The President of the Boards of Appeal shall, inter alia, have
managerial and organisational powers, principally to:
(a)

chair the authority of the Boards of Appeal responsible for
laying down the rules and organising the work of the
Boards, which authority is provided for in the rules of
procedure of the Boards referred to in Article 162(3);

(b)

ensure the implementation of the authority's decisions;

(c)

Article 135

allocate cases to a Board on the basis of objective criteria
determined by the authority of the Boards of Appeal;

(d)

forward to the President of the Office the Boards'
expenditure requirements, with a view to drawing up the
expenditure estimates.

Boards of Appeal
1. The Boards of Appeal shall be responsible for deciding on
appeals from decisions of the examiners, Opposition Divisions,
Administration of Trade Marks and Legal Division and
Cancellation Divisions.
2. The decisions of the Boards of Appeal shall be taken by three
members, at least two of whom are legally qualified. In certain
specific cases, decisions shall be taken by an enlarged Board
chaired by the President of the Boards of Appeal or by a single
member, who must be legally qualified.
3. In order to determine the special cases which fall under the
jurisdiction of the enlarged Board, account should be taken of
the legal difficulty or the importance of the case or of special
circumstances which justify it. Such cases may be referred to the
enlarged Board:
(a)

(b)

by the authority of the Boards of Appeal set up in
accordance with the rules of procedure of the Boards
referred to in Article 162(3); or
by the Board handling the case.

The President of the Boards of Appeal shall chair the enlarged
Board.
Further details shall be laid down in the rules of procedure of the
Boards referred to in Article 162(3).
2. The members of the Boards of Appeal shall be appointed by
the Administrative Board for a term of five years. Their term of
office may be renewed for additional five-year periods, or until
retirement age if that age is reached during the new term of
office.

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3. The members of the Boards of Appeal may not be removed
from office unless there are serious grounds for such removal
and the Court of Justice, after the case has been referred to it by
the Administrative Board on the recommendation of the
President of the Boards of Appeal, after consulting the chairman
of the Board to which the member concerned belongs, takes a
decision to this effect.

24.3.2009
SECTION 5

Budget and financial control

Article 138
Budget Committee

4. The President of the Boards of Appeal and the chairmen and
members of the Boards of Appeal shall be independent. In their
decisions they shall not be bound by any instructions.

5. The President of the Boards of Appeal and the chairmen and
members of the Boards of Appeal may not be examiners or
members of the Opposition Divisions, Administration of Trade
Marks and Legal Division or Cancellation Divisions.

1. A Budget Committee is hereby set up, attached to the Office.
The Budget Committee shall have the powers assigned to it in
this Section and in Article 38(4).
2. Articles 126(6), 127, 128 and 129(1) to (4), (6) and (7) shall
apply to the Budget Committee mutatis mutandis.
3. The Budget Committee shall take its decisions by a simple
majority of the representatives of the Member States. However, a
majority of three-quarters of the representatives of the Member
States shall be required for the decisions which the Budget
Committee is empowered to take under Articles 38(4), 140(3)
and 143. In both cases each Member State shall have one vote.

Article 137
Exclusion and objection

Article 139
Budget

1. Examiners and members of the Divisions set up within the
Office or of the Boards of Appeal may not take part in any
proceedings if they have any personal interest therein, or if they
have previously been involved as representatives of one of the
parties. Two of the three members of an Opposition Division
shall not have taken part in examining the application. Members
of the Cancellation Divisions may not take part in any
proceedings if they have participated in the final decision on
the case in the proceedings for registration or opposition
proceedings. Members of the Boards of Appeal may not take part
in appeal proceedings if they participated in the decision under
appeal.

2. If, for one of the reasons mentioned in paragraph 1 or for
any other reason, a member of a Division or of a Board of
Appeal considers that he should not take part in any
proceedings, he shall inform the Division or Board accordingly.

3. Examiners and members of the Divisions or of a Board of
Appeal may be objected to by any party for one of the reasons
mentioned in paragraph 1, or if suspected of partiality. An
objection shall not be admissible if, while being aware of a reason
for objection, the party has taken a procedural step. No objection
may be based upon the nationality of examiners or members.

1. Estimates of all the Office's revenue and expenditure shall be
prepared for each financial year and shall be shown in the
Office's budget, and each financial year shall correspond with the
calendar year.
2. The revenue and expenditure shown in the budget shall be in
balance.
3. Revenue shall comprise, without prejudice to other types of
income, total fees payable under the fees regulations, total fees
payable under the Madrid Protocol referred to in Article 140 of
this Regulation for an international registration designating the
European Community and other payments made to Contracting
Parties to the Madrid Protocol, total fees payable under the
Geneva Act referred to in Article 106c of Council Regulation
(EC) No 6/2002 of 12 December 2001 on Community
designs (1) for an international registration designating the
European Community and other payments made to Contracting
Parties to the Geneva Act, and, to the extend necessary, a subsidy
entered against a specific heading of the general budget of the
European Communities, Commission section.

Article 140
Preparation of the budget

4. The Divisions and the Boards of Appeal shall decide as to the
action to be taken in the cases specified in paragraphs 2 and 3
without the participation of the member concerned. For the
purposes of taking this decision the member who withdraws or
has been objected to shall be replaced in the Division or Board of
Appeal by his alternate.

1. The President shall draw up each year an estimate of the
Office's revenue and expenditure for the following year and shall
send it to the Budget Committee not later than 31 March in each
year, together with a list of posts.
(1) OJ L 3, 5.1.2002, p. 1.

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2. Should the budget estimates provide for a Community
subsidy, the Budget Committee shall immediately forward the
estimate to the Commission, which shall forward it to the budget
authority of the Communities. The Commission may attach an
opinion on the estimate along with an alternative estimate.
3. The Budget Committee shall adopt the budget, which shall
include the Office's list of posts. Should the budget estimates
contain a subsidy from the general budget of the Communities,
the Office's budget shall, if necessary, be adjusted.

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Article 144
Fees regulations

1. The fees regulations shall determine in particular the
amounts of the fees and the ways in which they are to be paid.
2. The amounts of the fees shall be fixed at such a level as to
ensure that the revenue in respect thereof is in principle sufficient
for the budget of the Office to be balanced.
3. The fees regulations shall be adopted and amended in
accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 163(2).

Article 141
Audit and control
TITLE XIII

1. An internal audit function shall be set up within the Office,
to be performed in compliance with the relevant international
standards. The internal auditor, appointed by the President, shall
be responsible to him for verifying the proper operation of
budget implementation systems and procedures of the Office.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION OF MARKS

SECTION I

General provisions
2. The internal auditor shall advise the President on dealing
with risks, by issuing independent opinions on the quality of
management and control systems and by issuing recommendations for improving the conditions of implementation of
operations and promoting sound financial management.
3. The responsibility for putting in place internal control
systems and procedures suitable for carrying out his tasks shall
lie with the authorising officer.

Article 142
Auditing of accounts
1. Not later than 31 March in each year the President shall
transmit to the Commission, the European Parliament, the
Budget Committee and the Court of Auditors accounts of the
Office's total revenue and expenditure for the preceding financial
year. The Court of Auditors shall examine them in accordance
with Article 248 of the Treaty.
2. The Budget Committee shall give a discharge to the President
of the Office in respect of the implementation of the budget.

Article 145
Application of provisions
Unless otherwise specified in this title, this Regulation and its
Implementing Regulations shall apply to applications for
international registrations under the Protocol relating to the
Madrid Agreement concerning the international registration of
marks, adopted at Madrid on 27 June 1989 (hereafter referred to
as ‘international applications’ and ‘the Madrid Protocol’ respectively), based on an application for a Community trade mark or
on a Community trade mark and to registrations of marks in the
international register maintained by the International Bureau of
the World Intellectual Property Organisation (hereafter referred
to as ‘international registrations’ and ‘the International Bureau’,
respectively) designating the European Community.

SECTION 2

International registration on the basis of applications for a
Community trade mark and of Community trade marks

Article 146
Filing of an international application

Financial provisions

1. International applications pursuant to Article 3 of the
Madrid Protocol based on an application for a Community trade
mark or on a Community trade mark shall be filed at the Office.

The Budget Committee shall, after consulting the Court of
Auditors of the European Communities and the Commission,
adopt internal financial provisions specifying, in particular, the
procedure for establishing and implementing the Office's budget.
As far as is compatible with the particular nature of the Office,
the financial provisions shall be based on the financial
regulations adopted for other bodies set up by the Community.

2. Where an international application is filed before the mark
on which the international registration is to be based has been
registered as a Community trade mark, the applicant for the
international registration must indicate whether the international
registration is to be based on a Community trade mark
application or registration. Where the international registration
is to be based on a Community trade mark once it is registered,

Article 143

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the international application shall be deemed to have been
received at the Office on the date of registration of the
Community trade mark.

Article 147
Form and contents of the international application
1. The international application shall be filed in one of the
official languages of the European Community, using a form
provided by the Office. Unless otherwise specified by the
applicant on that form when he files the international
application, the Office shall correspond with the applicant in
the language of filing in a standard form.

2. If the international application is filed in a language which is
not one of the languages allowed under the Madrid Protocol, the
applicant must indicate a second language from among those
languages. This shall be the language in which the Office submits
the international application to the International Bureau.

3. Where the international application is filed in a language
other than one of the languages allowed under the Madrid
Protocol for the filing of international applications, the applicant
may provide a translation of the list of goods or services in the
language in which the international application is to be
submitted to the International Bureau pursuant to paragraph 2.

4. The Office shall forward the international application to the
International Bureau as soon as possible.

5. The filing of an international application shall be subject to
the payment of a fee to the Office. In the cases referred to in the
second sentence of Article 146(2), the fee shall be due on the
date of registration of the Community trade mark. The
application shall be deemed not to have been filed until the
required fee has been paid.

6. The international application must fulfil the relevant
conditions laid down in the Implementing Regulation.

Article 148

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Article 149

Request for territorial extension subsequent to the
international registration
A request for territorial extension made subsequent to
international registration pursuant to Article 3ter(2) of
Madrid Protocol may be filed through the intermediary of
Office. The request must be filed in the language in which
international application was filed pursuant to Article 147.

the
the
the
the

Article 150
International fees
Any fees payable to the International Bureau under the Madrid
Protocol shall be paid direct to the International Bureau.

SECTION 3

International registrations designating the European
Community

Article 151
Effects of international registrations designating the
European Community
1. An international registration designating the European
Community shall, from the date of its registration pursuant to
Article 3(4) of the Madrid Protocol or from the date of the
subsequent designation of the European Community pursuant to
Article 3ter(2) of the Madrid Protocol, have the same effect as an
application for a Community trade mark.
2. If no refusal has been notified in accordance with Article 5(1) and (2) of the Madrid Protocol or if any such refusal has
been withdrawn, the international registration of a mark
designating the European Community shall, from the date
referred to in paragraph 1, have the same effect as the
registration of a mark as a Community trade mark.
3. For the purposes of applying Article 9(3), publication of the
particulars of the international registration designating the
European Community pursuant to Article 152(1) shall take the
place of publication of a Community trade mark application, and
publication pursuant to Article 152(2) shall take the place of
publication of the registration of a Community trade mark.

Recordal in the files and in the Register
1. The date and number of an international registration based
on a Community trade mark application, shall be recorded in the
files of that application. When the application results in a
Community trade mark, the date and number of the
international registration shall be entered in the Register.

2. The date and number of an international registration based
on a Community trade mark shall be entered in the Register.

Article 152
Publication
1. The Office shall publish the date of registration of a mark
designating the European Community pursuant to Article 3(4) of
the Madrid Protocol or the date of the subsequent designation of
the European Community pursuant to Article 3ter(2) of the
Madrid Protocol, the language of filing of the international
application and the second language indicated by the applicant,

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the number of the international registration and the date of
publication of such registration in the Gazette published by the
International Bureau, a reproduction of the mark and the
numbers of the classes of the goods or services in respect of
which protection is claimed.
2. If no refusal of protection of an international registration
designating the European Community has been notified in
accordance with Article 5(1) and (2) of the Madrid Protocol or if
any such refusal has been withdrawn, the Office shall publish this
fact, together with the number of the international registration
and, where applicable, the date of publication of such registration
in the Gazette published by the International Bureau.

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Article 155
Search

1. Once the Office has received a notification of an
international registration designating the European Community,
it shall draw up a Community search report as provided for in
Article 38(1).
2. As soon as the Office has received a notification of an
international registration designating the European Community,
the Office shall transmit a copy thereof to the central industrial
property office of each Member State which has informed the
Office of its decision to operate a search in its own register of
trade marks as provided for in Article 38(2).

Article 153
Seniority

3. Article 38(3) to (6) shall apply mutatis mutandis.

1. The applicant for an international registration designating
the European Community may claim, in the international
application, the seniority of an earlier trade mark registered in
a Member State, including a trade mark registered in the Benelux
countries, or registered under international arrangements having
effect in a Member State, as provided for in Article 34.

4. The Office shall inform the proprietors of any earlier
Community trade marks or Community trade mark applications
cited in the Community search report of the publication of the
international registration designating the European Community
as provided for in Article 152(1).

2. The holder of an international registration designating the
European Community may, as from the date of publication of
the effects of such registration pursuant to Article 152(2), claim
at the Office the seniority of an earlier trade mark registered in a
Member State, including a trade mark registered in the Benelux
countries, or registered under international arrangements having
effect in a Member State, as provided for in Article 35. The Office
shall notify the International Bureau accordingly.

Article 156

Article 154
Examination as to absolute grounds for refusal
1. International registrations designating the European Community shall be subject to examination as to absolute grounds for
refusal in the same way as applications for Community trade
marks.
2. Protection of an international registration shall not be
refused before the holder of the international registration has
been allowed the opportunity to renounce or limit the protection
in respect of the European Community or of submitting his
observations.
3. Refusal of protection shall take the place of refusal of a
Community trade mark application.
4. Where protection of an international registration is refused
by a decision under this Article which has become final or where
the holder of the international registration has renounced the
protection in respect of the European Community pursuant to
paragraph 2, the Office shall refund the holder of the
international registration a part of the individual fee to be laid
down in the Implementing Regulation.

Opposition
1. International registration designating the European Community shall be subject to opposition in the same way as
published Community trade mark applications.
2. Notice of opposition shall be filed within a period of three
months which shall begin six months following the date of the
publication pursuant to Article 152(1). The opposition shall not
be treated as duly entered until the opposition fee has been paid.
3. Refusal of protection shall take the place of refusal of a
Community trade mark application.
4. Where protection of an international registration is refused
by a decision under this Article which has become final or where
the holder of the international registration has renounced the
protection in respect of the European Community prior to a
decision under this Article which has become final, the Office
shall refund the holder of the international registration a part of
the individual fee to be laid down in the Implementing
Regulation.

Article 157
Replacement of a Community trade mark by an
international registration
The Office shall, upon request, enter a notice in the Register that
a Community trade mark is deemed to have been replaced by an
international registration in accordance with Article 4bis of the
Madrid Protocol.

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Article 158

Invalidation of the effects of an international registration

24.3.2009

registration designating the European Community must be put
to genuine use in the Community.
Article 161

1. The effects of an international registration designating the
European Community may be declared invalid.

Transformation

2. The application for invalidation of the effects of an
international registration designating the European Community
shall take the place of an application for a declaration of
revocation as provided for in Article 51 or for a declaration of
invalidity as provided for in Article 52 or Article 53.

1. Subject to paragraph 2, the provisions applicable to
Community trade mark applications shall apply mutatis mutandis
to applications for transformation of an international registration
into a Community trade mark application pursuant to
Article 9quinquies of the Madrid Protocol.

Article 159

2. When the application for transformation relates to an
international registration designating the European Community
the particulars of which have been published pursuant to
Article 152(2), Articles 37 to 42 shall not apply.

Conversion of a designation of the European Community
through an international registration into a national trade
mark application or into a designation of Member States

TITLE XIV

1. Where a designation of the European Community through
an international registration has been refused or ceases to have
effect, the holder of the international registration may request the
conversion of the designation of the European Community:

FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 162
(a)

into a national trade mark application pursuant to
Articles 112, 113 and 114;

(b)

into a designation of a Member State party to the Madrid
Protocol or the Madrid Agreement concerning the
international registration of marks, adopted at Madrid on
14 April 1891, as revised and amended (hereafter referred
to as the ‘Madrid Agreement’), provided that on the date
when conversion was requested it was possible to have
designated that Member State directly under the Madrid
Protocol or the Madrid Agreement. Articles 112, 113 and
114 shall apply.

Community implementing provisions
1. The rules implementing this Regulation shall be adopted in
an Implementing Regulation.
2. In addition to the fees provided for in the preceding Articles,
fees shall be charged, in accordance with the detailed rules of
application laid down in the Implementing Regulation, in the
cases listed below:
late payment of the registration fee;

(b)

issue of a copy of the certificate of registration;

(c)

registration of a licence or another right in respect of a
Community trade mark;

(d)

registration of a licence or another right in respect of an
application for a Community trade mark;

(e)

cancellation of the registration of a licence or another right;

(f)

alteration of a registered Community trade mark;

(g)

issue of an extract from the Register;

(h)

2. The national trade mark application or the designation of a
Member State party to the Madrid Protocol or the Madrid
Agreement resulting from the conversion of the designation of
the European Community through an international registration
shall enjoy, in respect of the Member State concerned, the date of
the international registration pursuant to Article 3(4) of the
Madrid Protocol or the date of the extension to the European
Community pursuant to Article 3ter(2) of the Madrid Protocol if
the latter was made subsequently to the international registration, or the date of priority of that registration and, where
appropriate, the seniority of a trade mark of that State claimed
under Article 153.

(a)

inspection of the files;

(i)

issue of copies of file documents;

(j)

issue of certified copies of the application;

(k)

communication of information in a file;

(l)

review of the determination of the procedural costs to be
refunded.

3. The request for conversion shall be published.

Article 160
Use of a mark subject of an international registration
For the purposes of applying Article 15(1), Article 42(2),
Article 51(1)(a) and Article 57(2), the date of publication
pursuant to Article 152(2) shall take the place of the date of
registration for the purpose of establishing the date as from
which the mark which is the subject of an international

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3. The Implementing Regulation and the rules of procedure of
the Boards of Appeal shall be adopted and amended in
accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 163(2).
Article 163
Establishment of a committee and procedure for the
adoption of implementing regulations
1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee referred to
as the ‘Committee on Fees, Implementation Rules and the
Procedure of the Boards of Appeal of the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (trade marks and designs)’.
2. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Articles 5 and 7
of Decision 1999/468/EC shall apply.
The period laid down in Article 5(6) of Decision 1999/468/EC
shall be set at three months.
Article 164
Compatibility with other Community legal provisions
This Regulation shall not affect Council Regulation (EC) No 510/
2006, and in particular Article 14 thereof.
Article 165

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within the meaning of Article 8 was acquired in a new Member
State prior to accession, provided that it was acquired in good
faith and that the filing date or, where applicable, the priority
date or the date of acquisition in the new Member State of the
earlier trade mark or other earlier right precedes the filing date
or, where applicable, the priority date of the Community trade
mark applied for.
4. A Community trade mark as referred to in paragraph 1 may
not be declared invalid:
(a)

pursuant to Article 52 if the grounds for invalidity became
applicable merely because of the accession of a new
Member State;

(b)

pursuant to Article 53(1) and (2) if the earlier national right
was registered, applied for or acquired in a new Member
State prior to the date of accession.

5. The use of a Community trade mark as referred to in
paragraph 1 may be prohibited pursuant to Articles 110 and
111, if the earlier trade mark or other earlier right was registered,
applied for or acquired in good faith in the new Member State
prior to the date of accession of that State; or, where applicable,
has a priority date prior to the date of accession of that State.
Article 166

Provisions relating to the enlargement of the Community
1. As from the date of accession of Bulgaria, the Czech
Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta,
Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia (hereinafter referred to
as ‘new Member State(s)’), a Community trade mark registered or
applied for pursuant to this Regulation before the respective
dates of accession shall be extended to the territory of those
Member States in order to have equal effect throughout the
Community.
2. The registration of a Community trade mark which is under
application at the date of accession may not be refused on the
basis of any of the absolute grounds for refusal listed in Article 7(1), if these grounds became applicable merely because of
the accession of a new Member State.
3. Where an application for the registration of a Community
trade mark has been filed during the six months prior to the date
of accession, notice of opposition may be given pursuant to
Article 41 where an earlier trade mark or another earlier right

Repeal
Regulation (EC) No 40/94, as amended by the instruments set
out in Annex I, is repealed.
References to the repealed Regulation shall be construed as
references to this Regulation and shall be read in accordance with
the correlation table in Annex II.
Article 167
Entry into force
1. This Regulation shall enter into force on the 20th day
following its publication in the Official Journal of the European
Union.
2. The Member States shall within three years following entry
into force of Regulation (EC) No 40/94 take the necessary
measures for the purpose of implementing Articles 95 and 114.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
Done at Brussels, 26 February 2009.
For the Council
The President
I. LANGER

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ANNEX I
Repealed Regulation with list of its successive amendments
(referred to in Article 166)

Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94
(OJ L 11, 14.1.1994, p. 1)
Council Regulation (EC) No 3288/94
(OJ L 349, 31.12.1994, p. 83)
Council Regulation (EC) No 807/2003
(OJ L 122, 16.5.2003, p. 36)

Only point 48 of Annex III

Council Regulation (EC) No 1653/2003
(OJ L 245, 29.9.2003, p. 36)
Council Regulation (EC) No 1992/2003
(OJ L 296, 14.11.2003, p. 1)
Council Regulation (EC) No 422/2004
(OJ L 70, 9.3.2004, p. 1)
Council Regulation (EC) No 1891/2006
(OJ L 386, 29.12.2006, p. 14)
Annex II, Part 4 (C)(I) of the 2003 Act of Accession
(OJ L 236, 23.9.2003, p. 342)
Annex III, Point 1.I of the 2005 Act of Accession
(OJ L 157, 21.6.2005, p. 231)

Only Article 1

24.3.2009

24.3.2009

Official Journal of the European Union

EN

L 78/39

ANNEX II
Correlation Table

Regulation (EC) No 40/94

Articles 1 to 14

This Regulation

Articles 1 to 14

Article 15(1)

Article 15(1), first subparagraph

Article 15(2), introductory words

Article 15(1), second subparagraph, introductory words

Article 15(2), point a

Article 15(1), second subparagraph, point a

Article 15(2), point b

Article 15(1), second subparagraph, point b

Article 15(3)

Article 15(2)

Articles 16 to 36

Articles 16 to 36

Article 37

—

Article 38

Article 37

Article 39

Article 38

Article 40

Article 39

Article 41

Article 40

Article 42

Article 41

Article 43

Article 42

Article 44

Article 43

Article 44a

Article 44

Articles 45 to 48

Articles 45 to 48

Article 48a

Article 49

Article 49

Article 50

Article 50

Article 51

Article 51

Article 52

Article 52

Article 53

Article 53

Article 54

Article 54

Article 55

Article 55

Article 56

Article 56

Article 57

Article 57

Article 58

Article 58

Article 59

Article 59

Article 60

Article 60

Article 61

Article 60a

Article 62

Article 61

Article 63

Article 62

Article 64

Article 63

Article 65

Article 64

Article 66

Article 65

Article 67

Article 66

Article 68

Article 67

Article 69

Article 68

Article 70

Article 69

Article 71

Article 70

Article 72

Article 71

Article 73

Article 72

Article 74

L 78/40

Official Journal of the European Union

EN

Regulation (EC) No 40/94

24.3.2009

This Regulation

Article 73

Article 75

Article 74

Article 76

Article 75

Article 77

Article 76

Article 78

Article 77

Article 79

Article 77a

Article 80

Article 78

Article 81

Article 78a

Article 82

Article 79

Article 83

Article 80

Article 84

Article 81

Article 85

Article 82

Article 86

Article 83

Article 87

Article 84

Article 88

Article 85

Article 89

Article 86

Article 90

Article 87

Article 91

Article 88

Article 92

Article 89

Article 93

Article 90

Article 94

Article 91

Article 95

Article 92

Article 96

Article 93

Article 97

Article 94(1), introductory wording

Article 98(1), introductory wording

Article 94(1), first indent

Article 98(1)(a)

Article 94(1), second indent

Article 98(1)(b)

Article 94(2)

Article 98(2)

Article 95

Article 99

Article 96

Article 100

Article 97

Article 101

Article 98

Article 102

Article 99

Article 103

Article 100

Article 104

Article 101

Article 105

Article 102

Article 106

Article 103

Article 107

Article 104

Article 108

Article 105

Article 109

Article 106

Article 110

Article 107

Article 111

Article 108

Article 112

Article 109

Article 113

Article 110

Article 114

Article 111

Article 115

Article 112

Article 116

Article 113

Article 117

Article 114

Article 118

24.3.2009

Official Journal of the European Union

EN

Regulation (EC) No 40/94

L 78/41

This Regulation

Article 115

Article 119

Article 116

Article 120

Article 117

Article 121

Article 118

Article 122

Article 118a

Article 123

Article 119

Article 124

Article 120

Article 125

Article 121(1) and (2)

Article 126(1) and (2)

Article 121(3)

—

Article 121(4)

Article 126(3)

Article 121(5)

Article 126(4)

Article 121(6)

Article 126(5)

Article 122

Article 127

Article 123

Article 128

Article 124

Article 129

Article 125

Article 130

Article 126

Article 131

Article 127

Article 132

Article 128

Article 133

Article 129

Article 134

Article 130

Article 135

Article 131

Article 136

Article 132

Article 137

Article 133

Article 138

Article 134

Article 139

Article 135

Article 140

Article 136

Article 141

Article 137

Article 142

Article 138

Article 143

Article 139

Article 144

Article 140

Article 145

Article 141

Article 146

Article 142

Article 147

Article 143

Article 148

Article 144

Article 149

Article 145

Article 150

Article 146

Article 151

Article 147

Article 152

Article 148

Article 153

Article 149

Article 154

Article 150

Article 155

Article 151

Article 156

Article 152

Article 157

Article 153

Article 158

Article 154

Article 159

Article 155

Article 160

Article 156

Article 161

L 78/42

Official Journal of the European Union

EN

Regulation (EC) No 40/94

24.3.2009

This Regulation

Article 157(1)

Article 162(1)

Article 157(2), introductory wording

Article 162(2), introductory wording

Article 157(2)(2)

Article 162(2)(a)

Article 157(2)(3)

Article 162(2)(b)

Article 157(2)(5)

Article 162(2)(c)

Article 157(2)(6)

Article 162(2)(d)

Article 157(2)(7)

Article 162(2)(e)

Article 157(2)(8)

Article 162(2)(f)

Article 157(2)(9)

Article 162(2)(g)

Article 157(2)(10)

Article 162(2)(h)

Article 157(2)(11)

Article 162(2)(i)

Article 157(2)(12)

Article 162(2)(j)

Article 157(2)(13)

Article 162(2)(k)

Article 157(2)(14)

Article 162(2)(l)

Article 157(3)

Article 162(3)

Article 158

Article 163

Article 159

Article 164

Article 159a(1), (2) and (3)

Article 165(1), (2) and (3)

Article 159a(4), initial wording

Article 165(4), initial wording

Article 159a(4), first indent

Article 165(4)(a)

Article 159a(4), second indent

Article 165(4)(b)

Article 159a(5)

Article 165(5)

—

Article 166

Article 160(1)

Article 167(1)

Article 160(2)

Article 167(2)

Article 160(3) and (4)

—

—

Annex I

—

Annex II